Counselling Psychology Essay

From the terms meaning itself, mankind is the primary keyword that identifies the idealisms imposed through understanding the deep meaning of existential personality.It could non be denied then that unlike otherwise theories of psychology and gay behavior, existential personality theory has not been founded by any grownup personality in the field of human sciences, rather, the theory was introduced as a collaborative understanding that has been brought to existence through close observation of several(prenominal) individuals who devote definite purpose in animate in similitude to those who may have the hardest succession identifying the reasons as to why they ar nourishment.With the some things that identify human breeding at present, purpose is one position aspect that keeps one on the focus of facing the different challenges of living as they come. Considerably, an individual who knows what or for whom he is living for strives harder to survive the challenges of liv ing as much as they could since they do know that on that point are others caring about them or there are others sorely needing their existence. existence requisite is the key reasoning that brings about the possibility of this theory orgasm into existence.Every person needs to feel the possibility that he is needed by others. Through this, he is able to draw the meaning of life to him which in turn motivates him to remain where he is counterbalance though there might be huge heaps of challenges that tend to break him fell every day. Noticeably, the life of people who have purpose does have a distinctive difference in comparison to those who may not have the people around them who they see as someone to live for. To justify the matter further, take for example the situation of a fresh charwoman who lives by herself and a unexampled woman who has become a schoolgirlish mother.A young independent woman does have all the time in her life she would like to spend with herself, her family, her friends and her loter whereas, a young mother needs to balance the attention that she is giving for herself and her child. In a mirror sense, it may seem that it is completely the time that each other has for themselves that may be different in the scene. However, if examined closely, this situation focuses more on the capability of the two individuals to face the challenges of the coming years in their lives.The young woman is noted to be susceptible to several heartaches or disappointments that she may meet in the future. Why is this so? Because she only needs to care for herself, she only needs to make sure that she is fine and that is the end of the line. Meanwhile, a mother of a young child would care less of herself scarce would focus more on the needs of her child, the demands of her role being a mother to her young. Through this reason for existence, the young mother turns out to be more powerful as she tends to exert effort not only for herself but for t he life that depends on her for survival .IT always pays to have the rightful(prenominal) realization that someone needs the other. IT is rather comforting to know that even though one has taken many mistaken steps and decisions in the past, the motivation to push through comes from the fact that people live for others and not for themselves alone. This is the true essence of the existence personality theory.References Milton, M. (1994) HIV Related psychotherapy and Its Existential Concerns, Counselling Psychology Review, V9

Slavery vs. Indentured Servitude

Settler of the British America had a cranky and slow start when compargond to the settlers of Spain and France. However, the British had a much better success rate because they first focus was on unrivaled thing and one thing single survival. Once survival was ensured, the settlers then began thinking nigh getting rich. Most of which did so by having huge farms and plantations that required entire amounts of manual outwear. As a compound employer, there were two options for labor bound(p) servants and slaves.Although both had their pros and cons, one would eventually sweep the nation and be used almost universally. The first type of labor that was used in the British Americas was indentured servitude. An indentured servant became one by agreeing with an employer to flash them to New World in exchange for 5-7 years of labor. The benefit for a colonial employer were that they were cheap, especially compared to its future counterpart that was pretty much the only real big benef it of having an indentured slave. However, the disadvantages were preferably numerous.For example, they were European, so they had to be treated with respect and decency. Moreover, he had to feed them, clothe them, and give them shelter. Also, by and by they served out their contract, they were let to go free with 50 acres of bring down that the employer had to provide, which cause for further financial losses. Furtherto a greater extent, the employer also had to keep in fountainhead that anywhere from 25-40% of the indentured servants didnt finish off their contract because they died. spend a penny their arrival to Virginia in 1619, the slaves labor was used to a better extent.The colonial employer saw that the benefits of having a slave included the fact that he owned them for life. Furthermore, a colonial employer was allowed to sleep with the women, if he wanted to, so he got a big benefit from having slaves. Moreover, any of the slave women that got pregnant produced more slaves, which was a very big financial benefit to the colonial employer. other benefit was also that they worked much harder than the indentured servants because the employer was able to scare them into submission. Although the benefits are numerous, there were also some disadvantages for having slaves.For example, they cost more to begin with than the indentured servant, and also required to be fed, clothes, and sheltered. Also, they would, every once in a while, try to revolt against the colonial employer by starting a make off and burning down the crops. From a colonial employers stand point, it is quite obvious that the African slave was a much better pick out than the indentured servant. Slaves, although cost more, came with a lot more perks that the indentured servants could non provide. As a result, slavery swept the nation and became the leading system for labor up until 1865, which was the end of the Civil War.

Discrimination And Prejudice

harm is a term which is used in close of our daily conversations and means unconfirmed or untested formed belief, place, intellection or knowledge held nigh an entity or a group and it is interpreted as truth by the person or groups who holds much(prenominal)(prenominal) opinion, belief, attitude or knowledge, (H one and however(a)y, 1999). A typical framework is the belief of the western countries that Africans atomic number 18 primitive and nothing good comes from them. This statement qualifies as injustice since no test has since been carried out to confirm this claim blush though roughly western community widely accepts it.Another example to elaborate further prepossess is an opinion by Christian community that both Muslims and Hindus atomic number 18 sinners, not worthy of heavenly inheritance. The same is also the typical opinion held against Christians by adherents to other religious groups. This statement propagates prejudice since it is not true that adjacent a different religious belief makes honey oilwealth bad. Final example in this category is the belief by a group of people that Muslims atomic number 18 terrorists. Is it confirmed? secretion on the other hand is a term widely used to mean a process of agree unequal treatment or chance to different individuals, group of people, objects or events based on the views held on them. In this case accordingly, the factors about which collateral view(s) is/are held have higher probability of being given kindly treatment as opposed to those factors about which negative attitudes are held. By the same token, to discriminate refers to an act of giving unequal treatment to an entity or group with presume similar characteristics, (Cochran, 1999).For instance, the belief that Africans are primitive whitethorn influence someone from western countries to prefer an American as his/her individualised doctor all over an African medical specialist. A opinionful Christian is most is likely to appreciate neither Hindu nor Islamic faith and vise versa. Finally, most Muslims may not be given indorse to most countries as other nationals have access to this document with ease. It therefore follows that discrimination and prejudice are two interrelated words with prejudice possibly resulting to discriminationDiscrimination and PrejudiceDiscrimination is easiest explained through prejudice. Prejudice is when a friendly subject holds a preconceived notion about another person or a group of people, without judging from experience. Discrimination is when a cordial subject acts upon such preconceived notions. A common mistake is the concept that both prejudice and discrimination are hardly negative, as in a derogative notion of someone (such as the treatment mevery minorities were subjected to), barely, in truth, positive discrimination and prejudice are both viable, if there is a preconceived notion in estimate of someone.Both of these notions are those of inequality, the difference between them being in thought as opposed to action of some(prenominal) kind. In fact, its possible to be disadvantage and not discriminate, out of such things as fear or profit, and it is possible to discriminate for the same reasons and not be prejudiced. Though, most commonly, it is those who are non-white who discriminate, and those who are-non biased give equal treatment to their peers from different groups.There are tether types of discrimination, based mostly on the level of social deepness. There is in the flesh(predicate) discrimination, which consists of any personal attack on a minority member, from slurs to murder. This is any attack on the personal level, any interaction of particular military personnel beings. An instance of such an attack would be calling a transgendered compassionate spawn of Satan. There is legal discrimination, which is when a minority group is denied any kind of rights public institutions, business organizations, housing and any thing social, canonically.Any person who has ever been denied a job because blacks do not work as well as whites do (without looking at the prior credentials) knows what legal discrimination is like. And, finally, the most profoundly entrenched in society is institutional discrimination. This is when there is a customs of discrimination so deep that it is no longer viewed as discrimination, where a discriminatory idea is so old and seemingly natural, that even members of the minority group themselves sometimes believe it.A great example is that Romani are thieves. Despite all cultural tradition, if this stereotype werent upheld by society, building walls on their side of the Romani self-chose seclusion, their way of life might have changed over the centuries, like it did with many other peoples. There are four basic approaches to the matters of aging within society. The first is the functionalist approach, otherwise known as social disengagement hypothesis.It looks upon the with drawal of elders from society as natural, since they gradually lose social power, and hence remove themselves from social responsibilities as to make room for younker in functional aspects, while retaining the ability to engage in activities of their choosing, such as hobbies, should they so desire. However, the natural process (or interactionist) theory disputes the functionalist approach, by claiming that the to a greater extent supple an cured person appeases, the better their quality of life. They may disengage from responsibilities, but remaining active is necessary for a full life even in this age.Research supports this, despite criticisms that this may set unrealistic goals for the elderly. Their capacity for natural action does lessen, but activity remains a basic need for happiness, and demand to be fulfilled, even in this reduced amount. But if the elderly are happier if engaged in activities, why do they disengage? Conflict theory states that, since profit is the d riving force behind society, there is much hale on the elderly to leave their positions, so that younger, less expensive and more competent specialists may be hired, the elderly losing social value as time goes on.This seems more correct than the subculture approach, which states that the elderly, while disengaging with those younger, form subcultures among themselves to compensate. While subcultures may be formed, they are not the defining factor for the disengagement, but rather, one of its consequences. And last, the exchange theory on aging combines all of these perspectives, by stating that the elderly remain active socially (and thus, happy) as long as their activity is beneficial to all involved.By beneficial they do not mean only economic benefits, but also the exchange of simple human feelings such as love, friendship and compassion, though some elderly people remain engaged economically (for instance, by renting rooms in their homes), and thus allow themselves the possibi lity of social interaction. This also includes the functionalist perspective, for it shows how rewards are given in return for past productivity. This is the most comprehensive approach.

Rooms division assignment

The unit examines the role of the board ivision within the management of a hospitality operation, the operational elements that comprise the elbow rooms division and how these are deployed by management to maximise both occupancy and rooms receipts. Learners depart deduct understanding of the role of the forepart plaza as the nerve centre of node activity with network communication links within and to other departments. They entrust too gain understanding of the management of housekeeping aim.Learners will be able to identify trends and technologies which impact on rooms division trading operations and tellingly utilise a computerised operating system within the rooms division. Main Assignment Tasks Learning payoff 1 You are a trainee manager who has been asked by his manager to prepare a short installing typifyation to ensure that newly recruited round understands go provided by the rooms division in diverse contexts. TASK 1 (ACI. I ) services for at least two or ganisations. Examples of front spot services) Housekeeping and nutriment Decoration and furnishings Refurbishment Accommodation environment and occupancy Guest services and supplies Linen services and laundry Cleaning services Environmental issues You will need supporting notes describing readjustment and front office services. Provide real industry examples where possible and make sure you reference your sources of information. cheer postulate a hard copy of your presentation and notes by the xx/xx/2013.Please too include these with your final report. TASK 2 (ACI . 2) Produce a table outlining the roles and responsibilities of Accommodation and Reception assists staff victimisation as an example of a specific company. Accommodation Staff Responsibilities Roles Reception Service Staff Company 1 Roles Notes should support your tables Give clear references to sources of information. Please submit a hard copy of the table and notes by xx/xW2013. Please similarly include the t able with your final report.TASK 3 (ACI . 3) cover the legal and statutory requirements in relation to the rooms division operations. (Examples of legal and statutory requirements) Health and Safety Hazardous substances Protective clothing Consumer law toll tariff and display Data protection TASK 4 (AC 1. 4) rate services provided by the rooms division in a ambit of hospitality argumentes (Examples of different businesses) Hospitality businesses Hotel Restaurant University campus Learning outcome 2 TASK 2. Assess the importance of the front of house area to telling management. The areas that are important to effective management include Business/ department plans Operations POS management Night audit practice session of technology irresponsible and updating front-of-house-services Consumer and info protection Pricing. TASK 2. 2 given hospitality operation. Company 1 Key Aspects Some of these should include Visual impacts firstly impressions Design and layout Zoning Ambien ce Colour Flowers/Plants Heating Lighting protective cover TASK 2. Importance to planning and management Critically discuss the find out operational issues affecting the effective management and business performance of the front office area for a given operation Examples of front office area operations Services Rooms related Concierge Information gross revenue Administration Financial Marketing clement resources, quality, customer Learning outcome 3 1 . Assess the importance of property interiors and tendency to effective management using a specific company (AC3. 1).Business departmental plans, operations and procedures Interior design in terms of visual impact, ambience, ratings, cost annoy to mobility within interior, fabrics/furnishings/fittings Space, lighting, heating, effect of colour, flows plants 2. Discuss the critical aspects of planning and management of the accommodation ervice function for a given hospitality operation (AC3. 2) To include the bedrooms, function ro oms, meeting, staff, public) Linen and laundry, cleaning, leisure areas, waste management, use of technology, health and safety, consumer and building regulations, evaluating and despotic rooms services. .Analyse the key operational issues affecting the effective management and business performance of the accommodation service function for a given operation. (AC3. 3) Human resources Quality and Customer Learning outcome 4 4. Performance revenue/yield management activities to maximise occupancy and erishability cycle Distribution channels, worth discrimination different rates and tariff structures to maximise occupancy pedigree management including the use of booking horizons to maximise yield, advantages and disadvantages of yield management.Hotel internet merchandising including viral marketing 5. Discuss the sales techniques that room division staff grass use to promote and maximise revenue. (AC4. 2) Tariff structures, market found pricing, negotiated sales, (delegate, season al and corporate packages) Use of overbooking policy, sales leads, referrals, selling other services, Up-selling, recite business, customer loyalty scheme, ource of bookings, central reservations, agents. 6. Discuss the purpose and use of anticipation and statistical data within the rooms division. (AC4. ) Comparison of actual data to projected, formulation of marketing and pricing policy, Operational and financial reports. 7. Calculate room division performance indicators to measure the success of accommodation and sales. (AC4. 4) Front office performance indicators (room occupancy %, sleeper %, double/twin occupancy %, just room rate, and average sleeper %. Achievement of nous, Merit and Distinction rate Achievement of a Pass put A live tell is strived by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria for pass for each unit.Achievement of a sexual morality lay To achieve a merit grade you must achieve a pass grade and also your essay/ assignment/coursew ork demonstrates your abilities and skills in the following areas MI identify and consent strategies to find let solutions M2 select/design and apply appropriate methods/ techniques M3 present and communicate appropriate findings On successful completion of these assignments learners will achieve the following learning outcomes Achievement of Pass, Merit and Distinction Grades 1 .Achievement of Pass Grade A Pass grade is achieved by learner on meeting all the minimum requirements defined in the assessment criteria for each unit. 2. Achievement of Merit Grade To achieve a Merit grade learner must achieve a pass grade and also his/her essay/ assignment/coursework demonstrate his/her abilities and skills in the following areas MI lay and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions. Effective Judgements feature been made difficult problems with more than one variable brook been explored An effective approach to hire and research has been applied M2 Select/design and apply appr opriate methods/techniques.Relevant theories name been applied A put of methods and techniques have been applied A range of sources of information have been employ The selection of methods and techniques/sources have been Justified The design of methods/techniques have been Justified Complex information/data have been synthesised and refined Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings. The appropriate structure and approach has been used Coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intend audience A range of methods of presentation have been usedTechnical language has been accurately used Communication has been taken place in familiar and unfamiliar with(predicate) contexts The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used 3. Achievement of Distinction Grade To achieve a Distinction grade learner must achieve a merit grade and also his/her essay /assignment/coursework demonstrate his/her abilities and skills in the following Dl Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and Justify legal conclusions. Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been JustifiedThe validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria Self-criticism of approach has taken place sucess D2 Take responsibility for managing and organising activities. familiarity/ independence has been demonstrated Substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, managed and organised Activities have been managed The unforeseen has been accommodated The importance of interdependence has been recognised and achieved D3 Demonstrate convergent/ asquint/creative opinion. Ideas have been generated and decisions taken Self-evaluation has taken place Convergent and lateral pass thinking have been appliedProblems have been solved Innovation and creative mentation have been applied Receptiveness to new ideas is evide nt Effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts Plagiarism and Collusion any(prenominal) act of piracy and collusion will be seriously dealt with fit in to the regulations. In this context the definition and scope of plagiarism are presented at a lower place Plagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution.Examples of forms of plagiarism include the verbatim (word for word) opying of anothers work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement the death paraphrasing of anothers work by simply changing a few linguistic process or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement unconfessed quotation of phrases from anothers work The deliberate and detailed presentation of anothers concept as ones own. All types of work submitted by students are covered by this definition, including, w ritten work, diagrams, designs, engineering drawings and pictures. Collusion occurs when, unless with official approval (e. g. in the case of company rojects), two or more students consciously collaborate in the grooming and output of work which is ultimately submitted by each in an identical, or substantially similar, form and/or is represented by each to be the product of his or her individual efforts.Collusion also occurs where there is unauthorised co-operation mingled with a student and another person in the preparation and production of work which is presented as the students own. (ibid) If an extension is necessary for a valid reason, pick ups can me made using a course work extension request form available from the college. Please note that the lecturers o not have the authority to extend the coursework deadlines and therefore do not ask them to cede a coursework extension.

Importance of International Finance

International Financial Management is unique primarily because the truehearted must get in more than its own currency. 2 A international is a corporation that has operations in more than champion state of matter. 3 It is similarly called an International Corporation. It ordinarily consists of 1 parent company and about 6 foreign subsidiaries, typically with a high degree of strategic interjection between them. E. G. The Coca Cola Company is a multinational company, interchange in more than 200 countries and having net sales of $7169 million in the 1st quarter of 2009. 4 Financial advantages of foreign operations An overseas commercialise provides a larger merchandise and thus, a potential increase in the sales of the firms products. For some corporations, it might mean a fall in production costs if their opening a subsidiary in a country that offers cheap labor, raw materials or machinery. Also, instead of only exportation goods to other nations, once an NC starts operation s in another country, the risk of evil laws restricting the sales of their products as well as an increase in the tax on their products, decreases considerably.Exchange rates and their effects An exchange rate is the saying of the value of one currency in terms of another amounts currency. 5 there are two ways of expressing this value 1. Direct quotation domesticated silver / Foreign Currency 2. Indirect quotation Foreign Currency/ Domestic currency The two methods are different ways of expressing the resembling thing. Throughout the project, ERE is quoted in direct quotation. Banks in most countries use a system of Foreign Exchange Market and its Fluctuations The volume of international proceedings has grown considerably in the past 50-70 years.Trade and investment of this magnitude would be impossible without the ability to buy and sell currencies. The latter must be done for one currency is not the acceptable means of payment in all countries engaged in trade. The foreig n exchange market is one of the largest in the world which facilitates the buying and selling of currencies, whose price is driven by the ERE. The market is over-the- counter, I. E. Trade is carried out using computer terminals, telephones, telecoms devices and active an international banking communications network that electronically links brokers and traders.It is not control to any one country but is dispersed throughout the starring(p) financial centers of the world. Participants The major participants are large commercial banks that trade with one another, channeling most currency transactions through the worldwide interbrain market. Their transactions are conducted through foreign exchange brokers, who specialize in unified net supplier and demander banks. The brokers charge a brokerage fee and in return, offer anonymity to both parties and minimize the contact of banks with other traders.Small banks and local anesthetic offices of major banks have lines of credit with la rge banks or with the home office. Customers deal with the bank, which then coiffes use of the line of credit. Other players are brokers, international funds centre banks, central banks of many countries, portfolio managers, foreign exchange brokers, hedgers, traders and speculators. Another performer in the market is the arbitrageur, who seeks to earn risk-free profit by taking advantage of difference in interest rates between countries and make use of forward contracts to eliminate ERE risk.If the value of home currency A decreases relative to the value of currency B, A is a weakening or depreciating currency and B is a strengthening or appreciating currency. ERE quoted indirectly will fall. For the importers of country A, ore of their home currency is required to purchase goods of country B. The vice versa is true for country B. Therefore, the attractiveness of a countrys goods and services foreign is Judged by the relative values of the currencies of the importing and expor ting countries. Types of Transactions 1 .

FCS 3215: Observation Assignment Essay

Dr. Isabella, this project requires that you hold dickens preschool-age tykeren in the Child and Family Development Center (ground floor of the Alfred Emery Building) and, on the nucleotide of your observations, report on a cross aspect of their maturement. In the following pages, three options provide be demonstrateedyou whitethorn rivet on either diction development, tinker, or wound up behavior. Thus, the option you select prey determine the nature of the observation you conduct, but it is as well true that on the whole projects essential follow the same guideline.First, you mustiness decide which of the three options you will pursue. Second, you should become familiar with the objectives of your observation (based on the descriptions presented in the following pages as well as any reading from the textbook that would prove multipurpose in this regard). Third, you should begin picturening your observation this should include decisions regarding what you will fo cus on during your observations (e.g., behaviors, specific features of the physical and companionable scene), what kinds of things you will try to involve labels on in the course of your observation, which preschool class you will expose, and when you will plan to conduct your observation to assure that you will leave yourself enough beat for a second chance should you fail to gather all in all of the essential breeding on your first observation contract. Fourth, you should conduct your observation, paying very cargonful anxiety to the behaviors and situations that you realize (beforehand) decided argon most meaning(a)in all cases, you will birth to stick to cardinal kidren for 15 minutes apiece. Take notes and remember that these notes atomic number 18 all you will have to work from when writing your paper. I also would recommend that you allow yourself rough 1 hour for your observation. This would allow you at least a a few(prenominal) minutes at the beginning of the observation to get a intent for the classroom and the clawren in it and to identify the two tiddlerren you will observe rich eon to observe apiece nestling for 15 minutes (which whitethorn be split into 5 minutes now, 5 minutes in a short while and 5 to a great extent minutes at the end of your hour) and even just well-nigh time to make up for observations that entert result in any determinationable knowledge. Fifth, you must curse on your notes and the details of the assignment toprep be your paper. In all cases, I am asking that you provide some general, objective information roughly what you observed in to each one shaver, and that you interpret your observations in call of what youve intentional about preschooler development. In addition, the introduction of your paper should provide a brief description of who you observed, when you observed them and what was going on in the preschool classroom during your observation catamenia. Finally, at the end of your paper, briefly comment upon your experience as an observer. For example, How easy or difficult was it? What did you learn? How confident be you in the representativeness of the behaviors you observed for each shaver? As usual, all papers must BE TYPED. You are limited to 3 fictional characterwritten pages so think carefully about how best to organize all of the information you wish to present. text file are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, April 15.The preschool memorial is as follows in that respect are three protestent preschool classes (chelaren ages 3-5) champion meets Mon/wed/Fri, 830-1130, one meets Tues/Thur, 830-1130, and one meets Mon thru Fri, 1230-330 pm). In all cases, on that point should be no problems if you observe (quietly) from the observation booths abandoned to each classroom, or from re run lowd the lickground fence. If you wish to observe from inside the classroom, or if you wish to go onto the playground with the children, you will need the allowance of the head teacher. Simply tell them about the project, mention the class and teachers name, and at that place should not be a problem (do this leading of time). Following are descriptions of the three options, each focusing upon a different feature of preschoolers development. Adapted from Bentzen, W.R. (1985). Seeing your children A guide to observing and preserve behavior. Albany, NY Delmar Publishers Inc.I. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTA. Background InformationLanguage is one of the much prominent behaviors in the preschool child. The preschooler is rapidly acquiring nomenclature wording and is refining his grammar to conform more than closely to adult diction patterns. For more people, language is an indication of intellectual and social progress. In this exercise, you will be concerned with describing and analyzing the childscomputer address and determining such things as the depth and variety of his/her vocabulary.1.It is important to look at the childs destination in call of Piagets concepts of egocentrism and sociocentrism. Egocentric speech is speech that does not take the otherwise(a) exclusiveist into account it is speech that, for all practical purposes, is private. There is no real effort to make it with the other person therefore, whatever is said is meaningful merely to the speaker. Piaget identify three types of swellhead speech (a) monologue, in which the individual dialogue only to himself and with no other persons present (b) repetition, in which the individual repeats address and phrases over and over again as if to practice them or as if he simply enjoyed making the sounds and (c) collective monologue, in which two or more persons are rippleing together but none of them is paying attention to what the others are saying. Each conversation is nonparasitic of the other conversation.Socialized speech, on the other hand, is public speech. It is intended to communicate with someone and each person takes int o account what others are saying and responds accordingly.Q12.Does the child engage in egocentric or socialized speech? What are the circumstances under which these types of speech are exercisingd?Vocabulary is the constituteation of speech. We communicate by displace individual talking to together into properly constructed sentences and paragraphs. Presumably, the greater the number of talking to in our vocabularies, the greater the number and variety of sentences and ideas we can utter and institutionalize to others. Words have different meanings and serve different purposes. Moreover, words must be placed in the correct position within a sentence thus, there are rules of grammar and syntax.Q2What do you observe about the childs vocabulary?In particular, examine the childs speech for words that express relations and oppositions, for example, words such as and, or, not, same, different, more, less, instead, if, then, and because. Also, how wide-ranging or rich is the childs vo cabulary when he/she talks about the world and the people/things in it? Think in terms of general classes or categories of objects, persons, and events, then assess how many different words the child uses to discuss those categories and/or how many different categories the child uses.B. observational ObjectivesTo learn about the language production abilities of preschool children, and how children of preschool age use language as a bureau of social interaction.C. resultFor this exercise, your purpose is to observe and record the language behaviors of children as they are engaging in social exchanges. Basically, you will need to write about the vocabularies demonstrated, the ways in which children use their language for the specific purpose of communicating with others (either adults or other children), and the class to which language get ons to be influenced by the mise en scene inwhich it occurs. For this purpose, select two children and observe each of them for 15 minutes du ring a time when they have opportunity to interact with others in a small group settingfree-choice periods are probably best. (Do not try to observe two children at the same time). As you observe, take notes regarding the nature and variety of words use by each child (writing down exactly what the child says would of course be very useful), the childs specific use of language to communicate with others, and the context in which all of this is going on.For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the language utilize (including information about vocabulary, communication and context) as well as an adaptation of each childs language behavior in terms of what youve learned about development during the preschool years.II. PRESCHOOLERS PLAYA. Background Information put-on is considered by some psychologists to be the most important activity in which the juvenility child engages. Indeed, play activities pervade the lives of children from infancy throughout childhood . near play seems patently linked to the childs observation of adults other play seems to stem from the childs fantasies and from experiences that she finds peculiarly enjoyable. There are a number of explanations of the major purposes of play. These persona from play as get rid of excess energy to play as a means of socio ablaze expression. Play can be a group or an individual activity. Play is distinguished from non-play by its special characteristics, the most important of which are its voluntary nature and its complete structuring by the participants, with little regard for outside regulation. When play is governed by consistent rules, we say children are vie games. These rules give play a social dimension. The participants must put their own person-to-person wishes into the background and abide by the requirements of the game and the wishes of the larger group. It is important to note that not everything children do is play, although they will sometimes try to make play out of what adults intend to be serious.Parten (1932) has identified six types of play, which are presumptuousness in an accompanying list (next page). Remember that play, like all behavior, occurs in a physical and social context. Therefore, include in your report information on the equipment and materials the child was using in his play and who the child was acting with, if appropriate.B. Partens Six Classifications of Play or Social Interactions 1. Unoccupied manner Here the child is not engaging in any obvious play activity or social interaction. Rather, she watches anything that is of raise at the moment. When there is nothing of interestingness to watch, the child will play with her own body, move around from place to place, follow the teacher, or stay in one spot and look around the room. 2. Onlooker Behavior Here the child spends most of her time watching other children play. The child may talk to the contend children, may ask questions or give suggestions, but does no tenter into play. The child remains within oral presentation distance so that what goes on can be seen and heard this indicates a definite interest in a group of children, unlike the unoccupied child, who shows no interest in any particular group of children, but only a shifting interest in what happens to be exciting at the moment.3. solitudinarian PlayThis is play activity that is conducted independently of what anyone else isdoing. The child plays with toys that differ from those used by other children in the immediate reach within speaking distance, and she makes no effort to get closer to them or to speak to them. The child is focused entirely on her own activity and is uninfluenced by other children or their activities.4. Parallel Play Here the child is playing close to other children but is still independent of them. The child uses toys that are like the toys being used by the others, but he uses them as he sees fit and is neither influenced by nor tries to influence the oth ers. The chid thus plays beside sort of than with the other children.5. Associative PlayHere the child plays with other children. There is a sharing of play material and equipment the children may follow each other around there may be attempts to control who may or may not play in a group, although such control efforts are not strongly asserted. The children engage in quasi(prenominal) but not necessarily identical activity, and there is no grade of labor or organization of activity or individuals. Each child does what he or she essentially wants to do, without putting the interests of the group first.6. Cooperative or Organized Supplementary PlayThe key word in this category is organized. The child plays in a group that is established for a particular purpose making some material product, gaining some competitive goal, playing formal games. There is a sense of we-ness, whereby one definitely belongs or does not belong to the group. There is also some leadership presentone or tw o members who direct the activity of the others. This therefore requires some division of labor, a taking of different rolesby the group members, and the fight down of one childs efforts by those of the others. C. empirical ObjectivesTo learn about the distinguishing characteristics of different forms of play, specifically according to Partens classification of play behaviors.D. ProcedureFamiliarize yourself with Partens classifications of play as described above. Select two children in the preschool and observe each of them for 15 minutes, preferably during a free-choice period when the children are free to move about the room and play with who or what they wish. (Do not attempt to observe both children at the same time) As you observe each child, look for examples of each type of play or social interaction as described by Parten. Also, in addition to classifying each childs play behaviors, observe whether there are any patterns to their play. For example, are there particular si tuations in which a child tends to be an onlooker, but in other situations he/she engages in parallel or cooperative play? As you observe, you should take notes regarding these applicable switch offs so that you will have something to work from in writing your paper. For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the types of play exhibited (including information about which type(s) are exhibited most frequently) and the social context which characterized each type of play. Additionally, you should provide an interpretation of your observations based on what youve learned about development during the preschool years.III. EMOTION BEHAVIORA. Background InformationEmotions are such a basic part of our psychological beings that we sometimes take them forgranted. Some of our emotions are viewly identifiable by us. We know when we are angry, frightened, or joyous. At other times, however, we can have feelings that are not so clear we may not be able to label what we f eel. Whatever the case, emotions are internal experiences that are private and directly accessible only to the individual experiencing them. This being so, we cannot state with certainty what emotion some other person is feeling. Shemust tell us, or we must infer the emotion on the basis of the individuals behavior, facial expressions, and the event that preceded and might have caused the feeling. A childs worked up behaviors become more refined and gigantic as she matures. Therefore, a four- or five-year-old will typically be more emotionally expressive than a two-year-old.In this exercise, you will be seek to gain some understanding of the childs emotional behaviors, of the range of her emotions and the kinds of situations that prompt these behaviors. Again, you can only infer what the child is feeling and cannot observe emotions directly. Therefore, be cautious in your interpretations and concentrate on the childs obvious behaviors and the contexts in which they occur.1.There are several emotions that are commonly found in preschool children aggression, dependency and fear. Aggressive behavior is frequently defined as behavior that is intended to physically or psychologically hurt another person (or oneself) or to damage or destroy property. An important issue is whether a behavior is intentionally aggressive or simply an inadvertent occurrence. Further, it is argued by some that in order for a behavior to be termed aggressive, the aggressor must feel peevishness or hostility toward the dupe and must derive satisfaction from hurting the victim. This kind of aggression is called ill aggression. In contrast to hostile aggression, there can be cases where the aggressor is interested only in getting some object from the victim or achieving some goal. This is called subservient aggression, and it need not involve irritation or hostility.Q1Q22.Observe the childs behavior for instances of aggression, either towardanother child or an adult, or towards obje cts in the environment. Be certain to differentiate surrounded by intentional, hostile and instrumental acts of aggression.What kinds of situations or frustrations make the child angry? What behaviors by other people anger the child? How does the child express his/her anger?Dependency consists of such behaviors as clinging or maintaining proximity to adults or other children, seeking approval, recognition, assistance, attention, and reassurance, and striving for affection and support. It is important to recognize that all of us are dependent. The issue is to what degree and under what circumstances we show our dependency. It is also useful to distinguish between two basic types of dependency a) instrumental dependency, which essentially is the necessary reliance we have on others for certain things that are beyond our capacity to do and b) emotional dependency, which is a need to be near others and to have their support, affection and reassurance. It can also be the unwillingness or the selfperceived inability to do things for oneself that one can or should be able to do. It is important that, where possible, you distinguish instrumental dependency from emotional dependency behaviors. It is also important to note that as children mature, the characteristics of their dependency behaviors change. Very young children are likely to show clinging and proximity-seeking behaviors, whereas older children, who also have greater cognitive abilities, will likely seek attention and approval.Q33.Fear is demonstrated by such behaviors as crying, withdrawing, seeking help, and avoiding the fear-producing situation. Fear can promote both dependency and aggressive behaviors. Nonetheless, fear can be expressed in such a way that it, and not aggression or dependency, is the primary quill emotion.Q44.In what situations or activities is the child dependent, and, for example, seeks the presence, direction, or assistance of others? In what situations is the child independent and does not seek direction or assistance from others?What kinds of objects or situations appear to scare the child? In what ways does the child express his/her fears? How does he/she deal with his fears (e.g., by withdrawing, confronting the fearful situation, seeking help)?In addition to the emotional behaviors just discussed, there are other feelings that children are capable of experiencing and expressing. You should be alert to as many of the childs affective states as possible. For example, there are the feelings of pleasure and displeasure, frustration, boredom and sadness. Like adults, children will differ as to how accurately they can identify and/or express what they feel.Q5What kinds of things does the child find pleasant? What activities, play materials, stories, games and so on, seem to be particularly attractive to the child? How does the child express that pleasure?Q6What kinds of things are forbidding or uncomfortable for the child? In what situations does the child app ear to be ill at ease? How does she express her displeasure?Q7Are all or most of the childs feelings expressed with equal strength, or does their intensity vary with the particular feeling or situation?B. Observational ObjectivesTo learn about the differences in childrens emotional behaviors and the range of emotional responses in preschool children.C. ProcedureSelect two children, observe and record each childs behavior for a 15-minute period (do not attempt to observe both children at the same time). Record behaviors in as much detail as possible (attending to the kinds of things that would help you set the above questions) and be sure to include descriptions of the physical and social context as they apply to the emotional behaviors observed. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU OBSERVE CHILDREN DURING THE VERY BEGINNING OF THEIR PRESCHOOL sort SO THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SEE THEM AS THEY ar BEING DROPPED OFF BY THEIR PARENTS AND THEN MAKING THEIR INITIAL try-on TO THEIR PRESCHOOL SETT ING.Your paper should include a brief description of each childs behavior (including the different kinds of emotions, the contexts in which they occurred and the relative frequency of each expression) as well as an interpretation or comment on each child using some of the questions and background information provided above. Finally, equalize the two children, looking at the range of emotional expression, intensity of expression, and what evokes the emotional responses. In short, summarize how the children differ from each other in this area of functioning.

Classical and Humanist Management Theories Essay

Classical and humanist anxiety theories feed had a major influenced on modern theories of leadinghiphip. Making effective use of appropriate models and theories criticall(a)y examine whether this is actually the case. Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of straight offs modern concern thinking has grown and developed since 19th carbon and flourished during twentieth. The twentieth century is just part of revolution management possibleness which started from real possibleness, ranging to human relation approaches and last flourishing now. concern theory is out coming result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. immediately the radical modern theories of leadership, watch over up establish on classical and humanist management theories, still develop and grow as an organisation. leadership is cathode-ray oscilloscope a new path or vision for a cluster that they follow a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. soli citude controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. The briny difference between them comes from what slip away if there is one without an early(a).If leadership comes without management then sets a go after or visualization that others follow, without considering too much how the new direction is press release to be achieved. Other people then have to spring unverbalised in the trail that is left behind, picking up the pieces and making it flirt. way without leadership controls resources to uphold the current situation or confirm things risk according to already-established plans. In Organizing Genius (Addison-Wesley, 1997) Bennis and Patricia Ward Biederman point out those leaders of immense teams pick talent on the basis of excellence and business leader to work with others. sizable leaders ar not afraid to mesh people who know much than they do. Jack Welch has said that his biggest accomplishme nt has been finding great people. A leader should project responsibilities that involve a souls competence and values. A good leader also reinforces motivation and develops ability through coaching. Leaders know how to keep their people focused. Good leaders can do incredible relationship and can build trust. The interest of leadership come in the early 20, when was considered that great leaders ar born not made.The ideas and theories started developed after then. On the other hand those irreplaceable qualities of good leaders argon based on beginning of management. The first management ideas, actually, were record in 3000-4000 B. C, when the pyramids were virtually to be build. Then the beginning of the modern organisation occurred with the theory called The Founders during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory establishment. After came Pre-Classicism with Robert Owen (1771-1858) and Charles Babbage (1792-1871).And then the twentieth century becom es witness on the most memorable theories called Classical educate. The Classical School of Management was period of management theory ferment and activity. It was based on rise of management effectiveness in organisations. It wasnt only about effectiveness in worker please but they also set about to provide needed tool for more effective work and satisfy workers. Within the classical school there are the bureaucratic management, administrative management and scientific management branches.The era of the ideas of Modern theories started with Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor displace the beginning of the contemporary and still improving management. He advocated a channel from the old system of personal management to a new system of scientific management. His theory argues that, for each one persons job should be broken down into elements and a scientific way to perform each element should be determinate. Workers need to be careful selected and properly prepare for part icular job. The good corporation between management and workers is compulsory.His theory was legitimate with many positive fatbacks and negativism as well. But to modern readers, he stands convicted by his own words (1975) in almost all of the workman arts, the science which underlies each act of each workman is so great and amounts to so much that the workman who is best suited to actually doing the work is unequal to(p) of fully understanding this science, without the guidance and help of those who are works with him or over him, either through lack of education or through insufficient mental capacity.Scientific management come crosswise with significant success. Taylor bring a success and to economic standpoints. Productivity met improvement because of his methods. After Scientific management come Human Relations trend with Elton mayonnaises experiences in the Hawthorne Works Experiments. Mayos theory met success his impacts were the creation of the industrial engineering. M ax weber Bureaucracy come after Mayos scientific management. Max weber believed that refining was changing to pursue technically best outcomes at the outflow of emotional or humanistic content.Weber did not advocate bureaucracy indeed, his literary works show a strong caution for its excesses the more fully realized, the more bureaucracy depersonalizes itself, i. e. , the more completely it succeeds in achieving the exclusion of love, hatred, and every rigorously personal, especially irrational and incalculable, feeling from the execution of official tasks While Weber was basically a spectator rather than a stylish, it is pure that his forecasts have come true.His principles of an ideal bureaucracy still circle true today and many of the evils of todays bureaucracies come from their different from those ideal principles. Unfortunately, Weber was also successful in predicting that bureaucracies would have extreme difficulties dealing with exclusive cases. It would have been cap tivating to realize how Weber would have combined Mayos results into his theories. It is probable that he would have seen the group dynamics as noise in the system, warning the bureaucracys potential for both(prenominal) efficiency and inhumanity.In 1970s and 1980s, Charismatic leading states Effective leaders inspire assistants to obligate themselves to goals by inter vigorous a visualisation, exhibiting magnetic behaviour, and setting an influential individual case, described by Weber as recollective with bureaucracy. He put the development of leadership based on well-known(a) management. Henri Fayol Administration. Fayols administration theories dovetail into the bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. He believed that management has five principle roles to control, to organise, to forecast and plan, to command and to coordinate.Fayol developed 14 principles of administration to go along with managements five main roles. Fayols five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. Development of management and leadership had continued with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) , Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) and on. Mary Parker Follett back up for a human relations importance equal to a automatonlike or operational emphasis in management. Her work contrasted with the scientific management of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by Frank and Lillian Gilbert, which stressed time and motion studies.Apart of all that, in mid-1970th the HerseyBlanchard situational leadership theory was introduced as situational leadership theory. It is a leadership theory conceived by Paul Hersey (professor) and Ken Blanchard (author). The theory argues active leadership is task-relevant and there is no solo best flair of leadership. The theory contained the following qualities as the main qualities of a good leader telling, selling, combat-ready and delegating. According to Hersey and Blanchard (1980) Effective leaders need to be flexible, and must reconcile themselves according to the situation.They had separated their theory into two fundamental concepts Leadership Style and the individual or groups Maturity level. jump described above and second describes below. The individual or groups Maturity level M1 They absence the exact services vital for the work in pointer and are powerless and reluctant to do or to clear duty for this job or task. M2 They are still incapable to take on responsibility for the task being done they are keen to work at the task. M3 They are knowledgeable and talented to do the chore but nonexistence the poise to take on charge.M4 They are experienced at the task, and relaxed with their own skill to do it well. They need to be clever and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for them. In conclusion, management include and put the base on organisations, it is that organisation which makes functions, such as planning, budgeting, evaluating and facilitating. On the other hand l eadership is a relationship, an essential part of an organisation. They are response for selecting talents, motivating, coaching and grammatical construction trust.From Classical human approaches to the modern leader theory there were a big different, the theories will last to change and improve, but on based on the main management theories. It is clear that modern organizations are strongly influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their principles have become such a substantial part of modern management that it is hard to believe that these perceptions were unique and new at some opinion in history. The current idea that these impressions are common sense is strong compliment to these creators.