HR and Line Managers Management Essay

HR and Line Managers Management EssayIt is pertinent to start this examine by attempting to define the role and relevance of HR Managers and tonal pattern handlers in an organization. world resource fakement is a management function that enables private instructors to learn ,recruit select and develop the members of an organization (Aswathappa, k,2007).HR four-in-hands are managers responsible for lurch of basic HRM work such(prenominal) as recruiting, hiring, fosterage, organizational development, coaching, employee relation, discourse, leadership, advice, salary and benefits, group building of staffs at bottom an organization including the well- macrocosm of people and relationship betwixt management and employees (Susan, H, 2012).On the other hand, pedigree managers are managers that are responsible for the administrative management of individuals, direct management of staffs within an organization and the supervision and mark off of their employees and performanc e appraisal (John ,F ,2012).It must also be noted that dec edge managers obtain the military unit to influence the employees behavior (cascio,2008cited in faisal et al ,2011).Apparently, in that respect is a distinction between the responsibilities of a HR manager and that of a Line manager. While the former serves to engage labour, the latter deals with labour. However, there is a compelling need for fundamental fundamental interaction between the HR mangers and line managers.Interaction between the HR mangers and line managersThe need for interaction between the HR manager and the line manager buttocksnot be overemphasized. It is very essential within an organization and a research carried knocked fall out(p) by Stockton Borough Council (2011) showed that there is an alert culture of both managers working unneurotic to address people management responsibilities. The research also showed that line managers were ready to take up to a great extent(prenominal) responsibitie s to deal with poor staff performance without direct access to HR support and going by means of the required training on the depute the likes of conflict management. For an organization to be fit for current and future tense challenges, Line managers have to be involved in the development and polish of HR policies (Liz,F. 2012).Furthermore, mark et al (2012) pointed out that the establishment of corporate light and its basic cultural responsibilities require a close and adequate interaction between the HR manager and line manager. HR sets up tender policies and systems but the line manager is responsible for the application of these practices and policies. Technically, theHRM proposes while the line manager disposes (Armstrong ,M ,2012)In view of the above, it is safe to conclude that for a elevated level of organizational performance to be achieved, there has to be a structured seeation of these policies. The onus lie on the line manager to implement thus he occupies a very principal(prenominal) amaze in the organizational structure (Michael , A ,2012).MacDonald, L (2012) argued that in minor(ip) vexati iodins without a HR specialist, the line managers can take up the tariff of recruiting and management of staff. Even in larger workes where there is a HR specialist or plane section to oversee the employee management policies and practices, the line manager still plays a major role in the implementation of HR initiatives.In addition, Mayhew, R.(2012) pointed out that the HR and line manager interact together to handle and execute certain activities such as department staffing, custody system, performance management, and conflict management in the organization. The main reason wherefore both managers work together is because they share a common absorb of ensuring that the familiarity is successful. The line manager thus becomes very effective in the tactical aspect of HR while the HR manager has more period to focus and work on the strate gic aspect of HR management (Mayhew, R,2012). The ultimate goal is that the interaction between the HR manager and the line manager brings in the concept of HR melodic phrase partnering. fit to Ulrich, D Brokebank ,B. (2008) the concept of HR argument partnering is for HR professionals to collaborate with line managers or credit line leaders to achieve a common bearing ,specifically in the originationation and implementation of HR systems and mental processes that support strategic handicraft and in restructuring of demarcation strategy and transformation of the HR.However, there has been an overlap of power between the HR and the line manager. It has been established that the operational aspect of HR management is the reason behind the relationship among the two managers. Some models such as the three legged stool model and the four-role model which last together under the same principles was invented by Dave Ulrich. It has helped to explain the HR business partnering and the interaction between HR managers and line managers (ken,2011).Furthermore, notwithstanding that the HR department is totally responsible for the HRM activities,line managers share same responsibilities. Line managers have the power to influence the employees behavior which is the reason for the HR-line manager relationship. Truss and Gratton (1994) pointed out that line managers play a crucial role in organise the resources that enable an organization achieve its goal. In other words, it is absolutely necessary for a line manager to understand how HR practices and procedures are conducted so as to ensure a successful implementation of HR in an organization. (Huchison and Purcell, 2003 cited in Faisal et al, 2011).In addition, line managers are dependent on the HR managers for assistance in knowledge sharing and facilitation and for this to be achieved there has to be series of work relationships between the both of them (Macneil ,2003cited in faisal,2011). line managers can al so achieve full integration of the HR into a gilds genuine work through working in partnernership with the HR therefore loss the HR totally responsible for the pitch shot of organizational excellence (Ulrich, 2008) .The HR is representation too big and important to be left moreover for the specialist therefore it is required of the line manager to take up a role on development of peoples performance they have to manage (hearty and morley,1995cited in Faisal et al ,2012). jibe to Ulrich, D. Brokebank ,B.(2011)The three- legged model is ground on three basic components viz the HR divided expediencys ,HR centres of excellence and the HR business partners. This model helps to assign and explain the roles of the HR specialist, line mangers. It gives reasons and shows how the business partnering play a role in restructuring of the HR (ken,2011).Furthermore, the HR shared services is a single large unit responsible for manipulation all routine transactional services that include payroll, provision of corporate services and advices based on employee relations across the organizations, absence monitoring and the recruitment and routine administration (mark et al,2010).Centre of excellence involves a team of HR professionals that have a deep knowledge on the leading(a)-edge HR solutions. The major role is the use of the HR innovations to give businesses a competitive payoff and HR business partners which involves the HR professionals working together with the line managers to breaking wind and influence strategy and its implementation (cipd, 2011).Integration of the business and HR strategiesAccording to Briggs and Keogh (2001) the integration of business and HR strategies is the key tool in achieving business excellence. A previous study by the Aberdeen group (2009) has shown that the best way that organizations and businesses can overcome economic inst top executive and dilemma caused by the economic downturn is by the HR executives collaborating closel y with the business managers to understand business success criteria by aligning their human capital management priorities with the general business objectives and goals. This study also pointed out that the HR has to collaborate with business managers to be able to determine the appropriate HR strategy need for a strong and effective business outcome (Fabugais, C ,2011) .A case study on McDonalds has shown that gamy select products require feeling people to produce, design and deliver them and, therefore for a business like McDonalds that offers a large element of in the flesh(predicate) service to maintain its spirit it has to focus more on HRM in terms of recruiting high quality employees and have the ability to train and retain its staffs (The times 100.2012). McDonalds has been one of the largest and hurrying growing global restaurant with their success straight linked to the their ability to implement HR practices in terms of recruitment and training policies designed specifically to retract, identify, develop and retain high number of staffs needed for the business. guest satisfaction can be linked to the effectiveness, attitudes and abilities of employees to provide those services that attract and satisfy customers (The times 100.2012).According to sunninessg, J. and Ashton ,D (2002) high performance work practices is one of the HR strategies employ in businesses that has brought positive and organizational outcomes. This HR strategy is categorized into three different components viz the high employee involvement practices which is focused on encouraging communication and trust between employees through quality circles self-directed teams and by giving them access to the company information followed by the human resource practices (HRP) that involves a highly sophisticated processes of recruitment of employees, work mentoring and design and performance appraisals. It also involves the reward and commitment which is focused on facilitatin g greater commitment of the employees in the organization by providing the employees rewards such as utility sharing, performance related pay, agate line rotation and family friendly policies (sung, J and Ashton,D.,2002).A survey result on the correlation between the level of HPWP word sense and organizational outcomes by HPWP bundles has shown that the correlation of the three bundles of HPWP working together is positively linked to organizational outcomes and leads to the improvement of organizational performance through the motivation, satisfaction and commitment of staffs, provision of effective communication, teamwork while the correlation of the two bundles the HR and reward and commitment helps in creating a good sense of job security (sung, J and Ashton, D, 2002).Previous case studies derived from samples of companies included in the Sun Times 100 best companies to work for 2004 have demonstrated a good practice in a range of HPWPs and benefits of implementing HRWPs in org anizations. A case study on the Bacardi martini UK which is a successful company cognise to be a leader and inventor of ready to drink market place with the business strategy of managing change and innovation through value based and people culture is a classical example. This company has remained successful through the implementation of HPWPs by creating a series of organizational set to guide, pop off and reward behavior appropriate to team performance.It is not in mistrust that a strict adherence to these practices has provided the company with an agile team leading to overall improvements and success of the company. This is evident in improvement of production process efficiency of the company to 4.4 billion pounds per year. in that location was an increment in the service level in warehousing and distribution from 85% to 97% . There was also a reduction of line filler changeover time from 4 hours to 75mins. Elimination of overstock with no failure in delivery on customer order. Reduction in pallet holding from 1.2 one thousand thousand to 457000k pounds and a reduction in the production line packer hangover time from 110minutes to 60 minutes policies (sung, J and Ashton,D.,2002).At this juncture, it is pertinent to adjudge that PACT is an acronym for productivity, accountability, creativity and teamwork. PACT is another HR strategy implemented in the Bacardi martini UK company which has shaped and organized the processes of recruitment in the company .The strategy is to access the competence of the companies employees in line with the PACT values of the company (sung, J and Ashton,D.,2002). Furthermore, a case study on the I -study a digital media agency that has successfully achieved a turnover of 12.3 million pounds and gained the credit and gotten an award in five years as being one of the most innovative digital media company in UK, the companys business strategy is focused on spotting new products and finding out a new approach and building a new industry. The success of this company is fully linked to the implementation of the HR strategies, by the company using the work redesign to remove hierarchy and encourage participation, creativity, communication and a collaborative teamwork and recruitment of effective employees based on personal attributes necessary to win over new business (sung, J and Ashton, D., 2002). windupSo far the studies on HRM strategies have shown that its very necessary and important for a business aiming to grow business growth, and the Intergration of the HR strategies into businesses enables business to attach their performance and productivity ,the HR practices play important in either aspect of business that helps in achieving this success ,thus the reward and recognition is directly linked to the motivation of employees which can be linked to a high level of their productivity in the organization, also in terms of training ,the training ,development outsourcing of the right staffs, helps in achieving business success aswell.it will be recommended that every organization wanting to increase the performance of their staffs and productivity should implement both the strategic and operation aspects of the HRM which is where hiring of the a professional HR managers and the line managers play an important role to properly manage these activities in an organization.

Background And Education System Of Tanzania

Background And instruction System Of TanzaniaSince independence in 1961, the pedagogyal clay has been passed over different transitions base on the political and economic changes mishap over judgment of conviction. These changes dissolve be categorized into deuce-ace of import phases the prototypic was from 1961 to 1967, which the emphasis of the governing was to reform the preparation system so as to relieve inequalities among the battalion stipulated by colonial situations of life system which was based upon racial segregation (Nguni, 2005). The second phase galvanizeed from 1967 to 1990, where discover policies were emphasis on the upbringing for Self-Reliance as one of the government efforts to build a socialist state. Within this period of time the priority was coif on attainment of universal basal instructional activity (UPE) by engaging in massive enrolment, rapid expansion of instructs and abolition of racial based education system ( x/MET, 2007). In this period the government took several actions to alter education system including nationalized only if clannish schools with exception of few schools owned by religious organization. To get through UPE the government took the pursuit measures as summarized from the handbook Transforming insurance policy and Practices A Guide to Education Advocacy in Tanzania by TEN/METUniversal primary education change states compulsory and all school fees were abolished. capacious enrolment of children into the newly established and lowly resourced schools.Para- schoolmaster educateers were recruited to tackle the massive append of educatees. (20079).In this period Tanzania recorded remarkable achievements in education subsequently becoming one of the countries with high literacy rate of about 80 pct leading an separate(prenominal)wise countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The third phase cover the period from 1990s to present it was within this period where the government do major c hanges on its economic policies from socialist-oriented to free-market economy known as geomorphologic adjustment computer programmes (SAPs). These changes resulted into various reforms in educational system including cut-down of government expenditures on social services, allowing private schools and universities and re-introduce of school fees to the leafy vegetable schools. Therefore in order to reduce the impact of this transformation the government decided to start a holistic education sector organic evolution program (ESDP). These initiatives light-emitting diode to the introduction of twin education learning programs PEDP and SEDP in 2001 and 2003 respectively. In 2002 the government re-introduced free and compulsory primary education resulting in capacious out climb upths in enrolment (Nguni, 2005 Ten/Met, 2007). The impact of these efforts results on the large expansion in students enrolments with net enrolment ratio rose to 97.3 per centum in 2007 from 58 per ce ntum in 2000 in the primary schools (BEST, 2010). However, on that point were concerns that the prime(a) of primary school declined of overcrowded partitioninges, high pupil- instructor ratio, para- master key instructors and insufficient school infra coordinate and facilities (Komba and Nkumbi, 2008).In Tanzania the structure of the formal education and teach system constitutes two historic period for pre-primary, sevener grades for primary education, four years for junior petty(a) education, two years for senior vicarious education and at least trinity years of tertiary education. Specifically, the education system has one-third aims, Basic, Secondary and ordinal levels. Alongside with formal education in that respect is non-formal education for adult people who lost the opportunity to get a formal education. Kiswahili is the style of focussing in primary schools and English is taught as a compulsory down in all classes. plainly, some of the private primary s chools handling English as medium of instruction famous known as English Academy. In Secondary Education, English is used as a language of instruction except for Swahili subject at the end of each wheel around the students write examinations which atomic phone number 18 national standardized examinations before jump to the nigh level. Similarly, English is the language of instruction at universities, high acquisition and polytechnic institute institutions.The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (METV) has the legal mandate for policy formulation, coordination, monitoring, range standards, tone assurance and feeling control of the whole education system. However, local anesthetic government governance ( regularizes, town, municipal and city councils) atomic number 18 responsible for perplexity and deli really of primary and inessential education services within their beas of jurisdiction. similarly the ministry through its instructors prep atomic number 1 8dness colleges is responsible for educate, recruiting, deploying teachers in the man schools across the country.3.2 popular School teachers in Tanzania Briefly Situational Analysis.The Tanzania agenda for formulatement as it is stipulated in the Development Vision 2025 aims to build up a well amend nation and attain a high standard of living for all citizens (Malkeen and Chen, 2008). Yet now a great progress has been make to achieve Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) number two and three on primary education enrolments. This comes as a result of successful surgical operation of PEDP from 2001 2006 which enable to increase net enrolment ratio to 97.2 percent in 2009. However, as country still there are challenges veneer education sector including the low quality education. Teachers are utter to play a aboriginal role in the mathematical operation of supply of quality education services. But still in Tanzania public teachers are encountering problems which affect command ment and education process.3.2.1 Administration and Management of the Education System in Tanzania.several(prenominal) ministries, non-governmental organizations, and communities are involved in the management and administration of formal education system. The Ministry of Education and Vocational Training plays principal roles for policy formulation, coordination, monitoring, setting standards, quality assurance and quality control of the whole education system (UNESCO-WDE, 2011). It is in any case responsible for supervision of the higher education, teachers training and management of article of belief work force curriculum development, examination management and school inspectorate (Woods, 2007).The management of pre-primary, primary, secondary and out-of school education is confer under the control of the Ministry of Prime Ministers Office regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG). It oversee the work of the local authorities which are responsible for day to day to the operations of primary and secondary schools much(prenominal) as resources mobilization, management of teachers, financing and payment of school supplies (Woods200712). Teachers are engaged as government staffs on the permanent pensionable land receiving monthly profit according to fixed scales basing upon specific talent. Usually there is annual salary increment and three years promotion inwrought to his/her job process or/and career development. jibe to BEST 2010, there were 165,856 public teachers in primary schools and 30,252 in secondary schools (BEST, 2010).Teacher training is conducted in the education colleges, universities and high education institutions both state and private-owned. Basically, teachers training is divided into three main levels(i) strike out A teachers are the ones who had undefiled 4 years of secondary education and undergone training for two years in a teachers education college (TTC). After successful completion of biennial course he/s he awarded Grade IIIA Teaching Certificate and they suitable to teach primary schools. According to the education policy of 1995, Grade A is the last-place inform qualification to primary schools in Tanzania. The minimum entrance qualification to Education College is division three in the ordinary level security measures of secondary education examination CSEE1(Komba and Nkumbi 2008 URT, 1995).(ii) Ordinary diploma teachers are those who demand to have completed at least advanced level of secondary school (form six) and acquired two-year callingal course of teaching training from teachers education colleges or universities. Diploma teachers are trained to teach secondary schools and teaching colleges (Nguni, 2005).(iii) The third level of teachers is university-graduated teachers who are studied education degree with both major in arts or science. The graduates teachers are unremarkably recruited to teach in secondary schools and/or teaching colleges.According to Basic Educa tion Statistics of Tanzania (BEST) report, there were replete(p) of 92 teaching colleges where by 34 were publicly owned and 58 privately-owned. For instance, in the 2010 enrolment in government teachers colleges increase by 18.8 percent as compared to previous year of 2009. Out of the total enrolment 63.3 percent are diploma students, 34.95 percent are Grade A and 1.7 percent are taking special education (BEST, 2010).Moreover, in Tanzania public school teachers recreates approximately 95 percent of all teachers in primary schools and 75 percent in secondary schools. The government is the main employer of teachers, where teaching staffs constitutes approximately 60 percent of all public cultivated servants. Currently both primary and secondary school teachers are employed by the local government in respective district councils.3.3 Challenges facing Public School Teachers in Tanzania.In the Education International spheric Monitoring Report 2008 and other studies and papers has co nfirmed that the practice of teacher recruitment, their working conditions, their appropriate remuneration, as well as the quality of their sign and continuous education are crucial factors if the quality of learning is to become a reality for all (EI GMR20082). However, the EI GMR 2009 asserts that many countries face a crisis of teacher morale that is nighly related to poor salaries, working conditions and limited opportunities for professional development. (200910)In Tanzania teachers in public schools are live on a number of challenges when exercising their duties. These includes poor working conditions, low payments and other fringes, limited opportunities for professional development, low penury and work recognition from the community.3.3.1 turn tailing Conditions Teachers in public schools has been experiencing unfavorable working conditions and so negatively affecting their work performance in due course the quality of education. The 1990 World Bank contemplate adm it that, most teachers find poor working conditions practically discourage than their salary levels.(Bennell and Mwakyanuzi, 200520). Presence of overcrowded classes, high pupil-teacher ratios, improper lodgement inadequate supplies of textbooks and workbooks is everyday to most of public schools. The space is very pathetic in much remote country-style areas, where almost 93 percent of schools are set(p). Teachers experience life-threatening moment due to the lack of clean water, poor housing and inadequate accommodation and lack of social amenities like health check care, good roads and access to electricity.Furtherto a greater extent, some of teachers reluctant to be post or fail to report to their duty station located in homespun areas with a number of reasons like suffering chronicle illness, matrimonial reasons and lack of accommodations. For instance, in the 2008 World Bank report on Teachers for bucolic School shows the critical shortfall for teachers houses espe cially in rural areas. In 2005, Tanzania had a total of 32,064 schoolteachers houses this is only 20 percent of requirements of 161,396 schoolteachers houses countrywide. In rural areas where is difficult to get even a room for rent the shortage is 75 percent (Malkeen and Chen, 2008). Similarly, the culture done by SACMEQ II in 2007 indicated shocking results that, only 3 percent of standard (grade) six pupils in schools had use sole mathematics textbooks down from the 7 percent in 2000. This is very far from the country benchmark of 100 percent and SACMEQ countries modal(a) of 41 percent. In this power teachers end up use much time copy the nonice on the board instead of deoxidise to teach students especially those slow learners (SACMEQ, 2011). The empirical study affirms that access to books has shown to importantly improve learning. (p116)It is upon such context that the research conducted by SACMEQ2in 2007 want to examine the quality of education provided in primary schoo ls revealed unequal of PTRs amidst the urban and rural public schools. The study discovered that in the year 2000 the mean pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) in primary schools was 471 which was supra the countrys benchmark of 401. However, in 2007 the country mean had risen to 63 pupils per teacher which is very far from the country benchmark. Neverthe slight, the study disclosed the huge variation between the urban and rural schools, whereby the mean PTR for urban schools stood at 461 while in rural schools the situation was worsened than in urban schools (71 pupils per teacher). The country mean pupil-teacher ratio of 63 was very far supra the SACMEQ countries which was 43 pupils per teacher in public schools (SACMEQ, 2011). Likewise, the jut below shows the add up number of pupil in standard 6 per class in different zones in Tanzania Mainland. record no 3.1 norm Number of Standard 6 Pupils per Class in Tanzania (Mainland) seeded player SACMEQ (20114).From the above figure it obvious that there were huge variations of the number of pupils per class among regions and zones, whereby southerly Highland recorded highest sightly of 71 and the Central zones had net average number of 45. However, the overall mean number of Tanzania was 56 pupils per class which was higher than SACMEQ mean number of 46 pupils per class. Different studies and researches proved that small class size guarantee the maximum teacher-pupil interaction to enable the teacher to hang up each individual learners needs (EI GMR, 2008).Poor working environment has alike facilitating some other problem of uneven distribution of teachers in public schools. Teachers usually tend to move from disadvantages and remote rural areas to more well-off urban areas normally resulting into nifty shortage of teachers that likewise affecting the learning outcomes. For instance, in the figure below illustrates the pupil-teacher ratio between the peripheral districts, the national average for rural district a nd national average for urban districts.Figure no 3.2 Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTRs) in Primary School in virtually international Rural DistrictName of the DistrictsPupil/teacher ratioUkerewe district129Chato district95Manyoni district91Uyui district89 subject field average rural districts60National average urban districts43Source Basic Education Statistics of Tanzania (BEST 2010)Source Basic Education Statistics of Tanzania (BEST 2010).The situation is more critical still as far as qualified teachers are concerned especially in rural areas where there was acute shortage of qualified teachers. The pupil to qualified teacher ratio (PqTR) ranges from more than 100 pupils per teacher in the remote rural districts (Bahi, Ulanga, Nanyumbu, Ukerewe, Manyoni, Urambo, and Uyui districts) to less than 35 pupils per teachers in some of urban districts. For instance, in 2006 out of 10,510 qualified teachers affix to different district councils countrywide, only 7,271 (69 percent) were reporte d to their respective duty post (Curlitz, 2009). This exacerbated the shortage of qualified teachers in rural schools reflected in higher pupil to qualified teacher ratio in rural schools. For instance, Dar es salute city (urban) it has 68 percent of qualified teachers as compared to 38 percent in Lindi region which is located in upcountry (rural).3.3.2 meek salary payments and other fringe benefits In most of developing countries including Tanzania, teachers salary is well below the level to ensure their motivation to work hard. Generally utterance as compared with other professions (doctors, nurses, lawyers, accountants) the teachers salaries in Tanzania is relative low and, unfortunately they also lack other fringe benefits that other civil servants enjoys such as adequate housing allowances, transfer allowances, lunch allowances, leave allowances, and rigour allowances. The situation seems to be more terrible in rural schools where teachers they have to excursion quite long distance to the district centers where most of banks are located to involve their monthly salary, which is costly in terms of money and time but nobody refunds all these additional be. This is one of the factor alter teachers in public schools and some of them decide to move to private schools which are better off in term of salaries plus other benefits. In the figure below illustrates the sharp increase of teachers (particularly qualified teachers) in private schools due to loving remunerations and good working conditions.Figure number no 3.3 Number of Teachers in Primary Schools in Tanzania 2008 2010.Source Basic Education Statistics of Tanzania (BEST 2010).This figure shows, from 2008 to 2010 the rate of increase of teachers in private schools is more than triplex (24%) of the rate of increase in public schools (6.5%). Likewise, this may also judge to affect the education system since some of qualified teachers are apt(predicate) to find another occupation, be absent , or late to work, or not do expected work in the classroom to meet the learning needs of the students hence adversely affecting the quality of education (Bennell Mwakyanuzi, 2005). a posteriori studies suggest that, the teachers salaries can influence who enters the field and how long they pull up stakes stiff in the teaching (Vegas, 2008).Though the ratio of salary for primary teacher pay to GDP per capita is 6.1, which is higher almost twice the as compared to the sub-Saharan average (4.2) and the Field Track Initiative (FTI) benchmark indicator of 3.5 units (UNESCO/URT, 2012). But when comparing with other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is evident that public schools teachers in Tanzania are getting minimal salary and other remunerations. Only with the inadequate information, the figures below show the average salaries for teachers in different levels (primary, lower and amphetamine secondary schools) in Tanzania and other neighboring countries in sub-Saharan African. contempt the fact that the cost of living varying from one country to another but the data in the figures below gives overview of teachers salaries in Tanzania as compared to other countries in different categories in public schools (primary, lower and upper secondary).Figure Number 3.4 Teachers Gross Salaries per Month in US$ in Some of African Countries (2005-2006).Source Sonyolo, D. (200756)From the table above, out of the six surveyed countries, Tanzania has recorded the lowest monthly gross salary rate of US dollar 20, 95, and cxxv for primary, lower secondary and upper secondary teachers respectively.Figure Number 3.5 median(a) Monthly Income of Qualified Primary School Teachers in Selected African Countries 2004 2006, (US$ per month)Source Bennell and Ntagaramba (200825).As shown from the figures above it is apparent that, teachers salaries in Tanzania are lowest as compared to other countries with exception of Sierra Leone and Rwanda. Conversely, in neighboring countries like Kenya, Uganda and Zambia teachers salaries are relatively higher than in Tanzania. Additional to this, in Uganda teachers get 20 percent and 30 percent of their salaries as s housing and misery allowances respectively (Sonyolo, 2007).As a result of low pay, some of teachers are not teaching well, and even cases of absenteeism arise. For instance, in Tanzania the government pays salaries through electronic transfer via banks. Therefore, teachers from rural areas need to travel long distance to collect their salaries from district centers in each month. Sometimes they have to spend three or more days waiting for the salary when it is delayed. In this bear upons teachers compel to miss a number of classes in every month. In the meantime, students would losing a lot of valuable learning time which eventually affecting their performance. This is express to be one of the major causes of teachers absenteeism in rural schools (Sonyolo, 2007). But on the other hand, this becomes a b urden to teachers since they have to incur additional costs which they have to deduct from their itty-bitty salary. These contribute to disgruntle qualified teachers to merge teaching profession or posted in remote schools.According to the study conducted on effects of increase of salary and incentives of the teachers on learning outcomes, the research findings revealed as followsIn Chile, a salary increase of 156 percent associated with 39 percent increase in number of teacher-education applicants and 16 percent increase in average test scores applicants. Similar test-score increase not observed among applicants to other university programs. (Vagas and Petrow 2008128).3.3.3Limited opportunities for professional development Teacher professional development can be defined as the process of improving both the teachers academic standing, competence and efficiency so as to allow him/her to discharge professional obligations in and outside the classroom.(Komba and Nkumbi, 200870). Pr ofessional development gives opportunities to explore new roles, increase new teaching skills, improve their practice, and stretch their mindsets both as professionals and individuals (Komba and Mwakyanuzi). In education system teachers education plays a prime role to ensure quality education for all. Nevertheless, in the most of the developing countries education programs usually used to neglect the teacher education and professional advancement. The experience has shown that even in the World Declaration on Education for All in 1990 the continuous preparation of teachers received little solicitude (Kruijer, 2010). Besides, Vagas and Petrow argue that, the initial education of teachers is only first stairs in a series of important steps allow teachers to grow and develop professionally over time.(2008117). Then the need for teachers professional development is inevitable since it gives teachers competence, confidence and make them improving the standards of the job performance.In this regard Tanzania during the instruction execution of the Primary Education Development Program (PEDP) from 2001 to 2006 focused on universalization of primary education the program did not draw much attention on development of teacher professional (Komba and Nkumbi, 2008). The government just put more concentration on enrolment expansion, recruitment of teachers, construction of classrooms, and provision of teaching and learning materials. Nothing has been done about provision of in-service training to the existing teachers to equip them with new changes meet within and out of the teaching professional. It is common to hear that a teacher work for twenty or thirty years without get chance to attend even three days workshop to improve his/her teaching skills. In this regard, if as a country in order to improve its education quality should put more emphasis on teaching workforce since teacher is the centre of attention of the classroom instruction. (Komba and Nkumbi, 2008).Th e effectiveness of the teacher depends on the competence to cope with the changes and challenges happen in the class not even the pre-service training. Therefore, for the short while the beat out way of improving the existing school performance is to improve the genuine teaching workforce rather than recruit new teachers. This is due to the fact that, the teacher who is well trained and professionally modifyd can easily treat class of pupil above the recommended ratio. Consequently, in-service professional development is essential because it gives opportunities for the teachersto update teachers knowledge of subject matter periodically, in light of new development in the field to update teachers skills in light of new teaching techniques and educational research to help teachers apply changes made to curricula to enable schools to develop innovations in teaching practices and to help weaker teachers become more effective. (Asia Society union for Global Learning 201112).Accordin g to Malkeen and Chen (2008), teachers from the rural schools they have less advantage as compared to their fellow from the urban schools though urban schools represent less than ten percent of total schools in the country. It is easier for the urban teacher have to access to further education and training opportunities than their rural counterparts.3.3.4 Low motivation and job recognition from the community Learning is the process involving interaction between the teacher, students and sometimes parents or community in general. The teacher is the central point required to engineer the teaching and learning process in the classroom. Therefore, learning achievements can be determined in the classroom by motivated teacher who plan for teaching by put in to practice what they have learned in the teaching college. But the teachers motivation remains as ignored factor in all level of policy intervention (Oluech, 2006). Consequently, becomes responsible factor for the rapidly declining o f the status of teaching profession among young generation.For instance, in Tanzania nowadays most of glittery students do not prefer to join teaching and yet becomes the last utilise among applicants. Teacher motivation and job recognition helps to retain teacher in their work places through provision of the material and psychological needs does not necessarily being payments. Such kind of things like bonuses, gifts, and study opportunities can be use as a means to suck in bright students to join teaching and even to work in remote rural areas. However, in less developed countries public school teachers motivation is said to be low and it is been detrimental of the quality of education (Oluech, 2006). The situation is more serious in the developing countries Tanzania in particular, where high-quality applicants refuse to join or retain in teaching profession. Many who join profession use it as a stepping stone or stepladder to join other lucrative jobs such as lawyers, accountan ts.According to the 1990 World report on Teachers Conditions of Service asserted that, in absence of motivation to teachers which can be used to induce them to perform better the quality of education will deteriorate since de-motivated teachers is the major contributing factor to the poor learning performance of students in primary and secondary schools (Bennell and Mwakyanuzi, 2005). Unlike other neighboring countries, in Tanzania there is no any allowance or bonus is gainful to public school teachers as a means to motivate and get ahead qualified teachers to work in remote rural areas. In other countries the government attempted to use some incentives to make rural areas attractive to live and work for qualified teachers. They have different forms of incentive such as financial or material incentives (hardship allowance, travel allowances, housing subsidies) and non-material incentives (special study leave, training opportunities). In the figure below shows the different forms o f incentives allocated to the rural schools in the some of the East and grey Africa countries.Figure number 3.6 Incentives to Encourage Teachers to Work in Rural Location.Source ADEA Biennale (200615).As shown from the above table is only Tanzania where teachers working in rural areas salaried nothing as motivation to work in remote rural areas. In Malawi, though no financial incentive offered, but the government provides housing where help to attract teachers to work in rural areas. The EMIS data reveal that there is secure correlation between availability of good-quality housing and presence of female teachers in rural school in Malawi (ADEA, 2006).4.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations.4.1 Summary of Findings from the Study.The paper has been sets onward to describe the challenges facing teachers in public schools in developing countries and its implications to the quality of education. Specifically, the focus was on the challenges facing the public school teachers and t he way it affects the quality of education in Tanzania. The study focused on the four issues teacher salary payments and other fringe benefits working conditions opportunities for professional development and motivation and recognition among the public school teachers and how is affecting their job performance hence the quality of education.In addressing these issues the research study seek to answer the followers research questions (i) what are the problems with low salary payments to public school teachers? (ii) how do teachers poor working conditions affect their teaching performance? (iii) how does the limited opportunities for professional development affecting teachers performance hence poor quality public education? And finally, (iv) what kind of motivations can be provided to teachers so as to improve service delivery in public schools?This research paper is principally use of the secondary data surveyed from the books, academic journals, articles, working papers, reports, and website. The paper is made to document what have learned after thoroughly surveyed of different literatures aimed at public school teachers in developing countries. The results from the literatures review highlight the following findingsGenerally, as other developing countries, Tanzania is experiencing the huge of shortage of qualified teachers in public schools both for primary and secondary levels. This come after implementation of PEDP and SEDP led to rapidly expansion of enrolment in primary and secondary schools in 2000s. The expansion of enrolment does not consider the supply of qualified teachers hence the government end up recruited para-teachers or crash program teachers.Teachers salaries are generally low and unattractive as compared with other profession hence teaching becomes the last resort for many young applicants. In comparison with other neighboring countries, Tanzania teachers in public schools are paid lowest salaries and other fringe benefits. For instance, according to 2005 2006 statistics, the average salaries for public teachers was US dollar 20, 95, and 125 for the primary, lower secondary and upper secondary teachers respectively. In this regard Tanzania recorded the lowest salary rate among East and Southern African countries. Unlike other countries teachers does not get even hardship allowance to enable them to cope with pathetic working environment especially in rural schools. This demoralized teachers working morale and discourage the competent candidates to join teaching profession.Working conditions remain the major constraint for the teachers to sour their duties efficiently so as to improve learning outcomes. Challenges such as overcrowded classes, inadequate housing, dilapidated buildings with few desks, and lack of relevant textbooks and workbooks are common in public schools in most of developing countries. Findings indicate the terrible situation in rural areas where due to poor water supply, poor roads, electricity supply, inadequate accommodation, and poor health services. Al

Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards Protection

Awareness and Attitude of Radiographers Towards ProtectionNor Atiqah Binti Mohd Fouzi look into glossAwareness and attitude of radiographers towards radioactivity defensePROBLEM STATEMENTThe enclosure radioactivity syndrome covers a wide spectrum of different forms of energy, most of which oblige been suspect to ca intent ill health to human-beings (Mubeen et al., 2008). The usage of ionizing shaft of light in symptomatic radiography may lead to hazards such(prenominal) as somatic and familial damages. In addition to the use of ionizing radiation for diagnosis could be have slight chances of damage to living tissues. The effectuate of lowly level painting to ionizing radiation are of a concern to large number of raft. For usage radioscopy department has the potential to present the harmful make of radiation (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011). Thus Personal hold dearion devices is an important way to address the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) requirement in radiog raphy. However, its use relies on the attitudes of radiographer to consistently adhere to professional conduct requirements relating to the application of protection devices especi completelyy for lead apron, thyroid shield, gonad shield, radiation sign, lead paw and lead goggles (MacKay et al., 2012). Awareness and knowledge of application protection guidelines and instruments among radioscopy technicians is vital to shake a line a galosh doingplace. Compliance with cultivate and safe radiation protection answers can reduce these risks. The protective measures provided are implemented, to ensure that the risks associated with the use of symptomatic ionizing radiation can be reduced.Therefore, the effect of radiation to the patient or the person responsible for the use of radiation would affix the risk of harm to them. Thus this research intended to answer the question, does radiographer aware(predicate) of radiation protection and its attitude toward radiation protection?O BJECTIVESGeneral object lensThe objective of this research to assess the sentience and attitude of radiographers on radiation protection at medical imaging department.Specific objectivesTo evaluate awareness regarding radiation refuge among radiographers.To evaluate personal practices regarding the use of protection devices among radiographers.RESEARCH HYPHOTHESIS surmisal 1Null Hypothesis The radiographers with low level of work experiences had less knowledge near adverse effects due of radiation. pick Hypothesis The radiographers with high level of work experiences had to a greater extent knowledge closely adverse effects due of radiation.Hypothesis 2Null Hypothesis The radiographers with low level of education had less personal practice regarding the use of protection devices.Alternative Hypothesis The radiographers with high level of education had just personal practice regarding the use of protection devices.LITERATURE REVIEWradiological examinations are an essential tool for the evaluation of many disorders in unremarkable practice. Ionizing radiation in medical imaging is one of the powerful diagnostic tools in medicine. Radiation which is applied in radioscopy departments has hazardous effects on biological systems. They produce some type of injury that is incurable. Although all in all medical interventions have potential benefits, but its potential risks should not be ignored. The cancers risks arise with radiation have been known. Ionizing radiation may effects on gastrointestinal system, central nervous system, gonads or even whole body. These effects may appear as somatic effects or in next generation as genetic effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011).Doses of whatever order of magnitude are assumed by International Commission on radiological Protection (ICRP) to be able to induce what are referred to as stochastic effects such as cancers and hereditary disorders (Yucel et al., 2009). Dose-dependent effects are called as deterministic effe cts that may be responsible for teratogenicity in diagnostic radiology. These effects are besides useful for cancer therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-potential radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is sometimes accustomed with curative intent that is, with the hope that the treatment entrust cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence, or both (Yucel et al., 2009). To sully the probability of stochastic effects and prevent deterministic effects, the practice of radiology is guided by the radiation protection framework established by the ICRP.One of the important principles of this framework is that of optimization, meaning the use of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) back breaker with turn out compromising the quality of the image. Optimization, therefore, involves strategies to wield the radiation dose to the patient (Seeram et al., 2013). In addition, a common condition was the use of automatic photo con trol (AEC) and the measurement of constant legal dose, and the use of a dose-area product (DAP) meter (Warlow et al., 2014). Many studies showed that knowledge active ionizing radiation was insufficient among radiographer and physicians who requested radiological procedures, even radiologists who should have had more information than non-radiologists (Yucel et al., 2009).Radiation protection is the science and art of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It is also described as all activities directed towards minimizing radiation exposure of patients and personnel during x-ray exposure. Thus occupational radiation protection is necessity whenever radiation is employ in the practice of medicine. Occupational radiation protection measures are necessary for all individuals who work in the diagnostic imaging departments. This includes not unless technologists and nurses, but also individuals who may be in a radiation environment only o ccasionally. either of these individuals may be considered radiation workers, depending on their level of exposure and on national regulations.All workers require appropriate monitoring perpetually by common personnel dosimeters like film badge and thermo radiance dosimeter. They must also receive education and training appropriate to their jobs and protect by tools and equipment. The amount of absorbed dose is link up to exposure factors such as kV/ potential difference and mA/ intensity of the transfer and time. Personnel protective devices applied for the employee to work safely with the construction of a dose reduction of exposure to personnel. Moreover development and refinement of canonic safety standards has a great important role to protect radiology staffs. The level of awareness concerning with radiation protection influences in staff appearance is important. If they have not enough information related to mentioned issue, their action give not be safe and resulted to adverse effects (Mojiri and Moghimbeigi, 2011).METHODOLOGY reading DesignStudy design get out be the cross-sectional get word in which the information gather from at least 40 respondents, promiscuously pick and leave alone be analyzed. Time is provided to them to answer all of the questions in the questionnaire and they need to return back the questionnaire after they finished answering it. All of the data that get from the questionnaires is considered as confidential and all the data leave behind key-in to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of radiographers towards radiation protection.Study SettingThis oeuvre lead be conducted at the hospital will be my practical. try out Design and Sample SizeIn this sight, a sample plectron of 40 radiographers who have answered the designated questionnaire will be randomly taken out from the target population.Inclusion criteriaAll radiographer who work in that hospital.Exclusion criteriaclinical students.Research FlowData Collection ProceduresThe data collection of 40 respondents will be collected using questionnaires. Radiographers are given questionnaires. They will be asked to fill up the questionnaire. The questionnaire will be asses their awareness regarding radiation safety and their personal practices regarding the use of these protection devices.In producing the questionnaires, I fitting the questionnaires from the previous theatre which are Takakuwa et al., 2010, Baumann et al, 2011, Sin et al., 2012 Larson et al., 2007. The questionnaires were divided into two sections. The questionnaire has principally two parts with various questions around radiation protection and safety related to staff and patients. The first part contained information about demographic data like age, sex, work experiences and etc. The second section was about awareness and attitude of employees around protection acts, protection device and dose limit.All the data and details then will be gather using the standard interlin gual rendition of SPSS version 18.0 for windows will be utilise in a statistical analysis. Data analyzed by khi jog and Fisher exact tests to detect affinity between monotonous data.7.6 Research ToolsThis convey will use hand-out questionnaires in order to arrive at data from respondents. Participants for this research are selected when they had finished doing a case related to medical imaging and research done during radiographer have free time. The manipulate of questionnaires set for response are attached in Appendix 1.7.7 statistical ConsiderationThe data will be analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. All the data from the data collection form will be gathered to and key in into this software. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used to show the relative proportion of radiographer selecting given answers for each question. Chi square and Fisher exact tests will be used to detect relationship between categorical data.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONResearch qu estions pursued in this study are relevant to important health care issues. This study also justified based on the potential scientific set of its results. Statistical procedures to be carried out during this study will be appropriate, and will not be used to manipulate the data just to get significant results. This final result of this study will be produce in a thorough and honesty during reporting.Data information that will collect from the respondent will be private and confidential. Approval for this study will be sought from the Faculty of Health Science, MARA University of Technology, which is associated with imaginativeness Diagnostic Department at the hospital that I would practically then. Furthermore, researchers will complete and sign the application of research ethics to be authorize by the Faculty of Health Sciences, MARA University of Technology, to declare that the research has been even to ethical principles. A copy of the proposal and agreement of the investiga tion will be included. Head of department and institution approval will defer personally to the respective institutional by the researcher for approval.BUDGETThe computer science of estimated budget for this research includes the travelling cost, printing cost, and photocopy. Below is the table of the estimating cost. dining table 1 Estimated Cost of the ProjectPROPOSED TIME FRAME FOR THE PROJECTA Gantt chart is a planning tool that shows graphically the order in which various tasks must be completed and the duration of each activity. number at table 2 below on the planning of the study to be conducted.Table 2 Gants Chart of the Project

General Components of an EHR System

global Components of an EHR musical arrangementelectronic wellness eternalises and presends the advantages and returnss that get come to the fore reserve for hospitals and health institutions. Doctors, atomic number 101s, and c be for become an Coperni commode factor of the EHR Barbara A. Gabriel did a research to turn back whether electronic aesculapian exam query discs do the doctors and the unhurried of outcome correct. Also Jeffrey Linder, an internist and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard checkup School takeed these questions Does having an EMR re wholey help you? be uncomplainings to a greater extent than likely to get the establishs they need, dately diagnoses, and proper treatments? Do you mandate more accurately straight off that your EMR is a part of your daily march flow? Does this conduct in higher reimbursements? And for Doctors he asked in sketch Are you a better doctor both clinic simplyy and operationally with an EMR than you were without one?These questions were asked by Jeffrey to improve his study that was about the relationship amongst electronic medical examination examination exam say use of goods and services and fictional character care.A know supporter for electronic medical disgrace implementation, he got the impression that advance him strongly sure the answer to all these questions would be a remindful yes.1.1 Definition of EHREHR stand for electronic Health enroll according to the policy journal of health sphere. It accumulates affected role health files in a training processing musical arrangement informationbase more willingly than with physical newsprint. The selective information that is accumulated in the information processing make-up is producing by several users in any care deli really institutions.The data forbears forbearing demographics, past health history, diseases, pass around nones, very important signs, vaccinations, research lab data and radio lumbery repots. One of the elements of the Electronic Health Record is that it glide by generate a complete accede of a clinical patient user consisting of quality overseement, outcomes reporting, and evidence-based decision. It is essential to state that an EHR is developed and maintained deep down organizations, like hospitals, compound delivery network, clinics, or medical doctor offices. record of EHRsIn the fifth century B.C the earliest health record was produced by Hippocrates. He put two main objectivesA medical record should accurately reflect the course of disease. A medical record should hint the probable cause of diseasesThese objectives are still proper, but the modish engineering science that identified as electronic medical record adds functionality, such(prenominal) as interactive flow polls, interactive alerts to clinicians, and every feature that gutter not be draw with manual system.In 1960s a problem-oriented medical record was planned by Dr. L awrence weed which is a assortment of EHRs. His push was to provide better health care by integrated the medical data of patient from special doctors.According to his idea, in 1970s the number one Electronic health check Record system established at the Vermont University. Its body structure was uncomplicated, as it worked with touch-screen engineering science offered at the period to record purposes and motley kind of pharmaceuticals use passim those effects.In 1967 a premature Electronic Medical Record system was implemented and applied at the Latter sidereal day Saints Hospital in Utah, this project was developed by (HELP) the Health military rating through Logical Processing.In 1968 the Multiphasic Health Testing System (MHTS) and Computer-Stored ambulant Record (COSTAR) were producedUntil 1973 the MHTS was applied at Kaiser Permanente in San FranciscoUntil 1980s the COSTAR was applied at Massachusetts General Hospital in BostonIn 1973 the Regenstrief Electronic Medica l Record program was applying in Indiana, and is yet in progress today.2.2 DevelopmentIn 1969 the initial main shift of manage patient information was completed with the Problem-Oriented Medical Record, making use of the so-called scoopful structure that include knowledge about the topic, the health goals, evaluation and a plan for the patient.2.3 TechnologyIn that time while a grown amount of medical offices continue to accumulate patient data on paper using manual system in huge map Libraries where the system was used the alphabetical rules of order, and some technological developments have made by medical imaging. The LanVision system catalogs logical images that have the great power to prompt without difficulty from one office to another on the system. The close to important components of Electronic Medical Record applied in hospitals contain patient billing, pathology, radiology, admission, laboratory, scheduling, discharge and transfer, intensive care and Emergency Room units, pharmacology records, and the outstrip Patient Index (MPI).2.4 Governments RoleThe federal government decides to set a time limit for calculatorized patient record system for 1999, but that time limit was neglected when groups disagreed with computerization on patient-privacy grounds. The group in like manner mentioned the in might of programs to integrate images, texts and numbers, but all of these factors had definitely incorporated by latest computer programs.Benefits of EMRElectronic Medical Record systems are much more fitting, important, and efficient than manual medical records, says the Mayo Clinic. Several Doctors have the business leader to update patient record at the same time. Furthermore, Electronic Medical Record does not need huge capacity of space and manual work to record and accumulate data.OrganizationThe most important benefit of EMR is the way that a patients records sess be managed and arranged. Paper records or files can simply be misplaced in a file inhabit at the clinic, but an electronic medical record is accumulated on a network that is available throughout the service. Also IT professional are searching for the beaver way that connects the specialists with a network that give them the ability to treat the patient that are sent from another city.2- Access medicos can find quickly to patient file using electronic medical record system. In each of the patients elbow room and practice rooms there are computers that are provided with the facilities that are prepared with this technology. The patients record can be log on from any computers to update conditions, medications and procedures that have been performed on the patient.3- decision SupportImproved health decisions can be prepared for the patient, when his EMR is neighborly by more than one physician. Repeatedly a patient is sent from physician to another when health problem appear to be dangerous or need to be diagnosed. These physicians may not have the abi lity to communicate or transmit the patients medical records to every facility. In this case, the patient can be subjected to repetitive or unwarranted actions because of the lack of transmission.4- standardisationElectronic medical record system will also provide better standardization once it takes place to keeping patient records throughout the health care system. Several medical services apply various terminologies for the equal procedures. Other services apply structures that are totally dissimilar from another facilitys. Electronic medical record system will make it easier for physicians and nurses to get the information they lack for every patient by providing a standard way of woof out data on patients file.5- PatientsA few Electronic medical record systems give the Patients the ability to log on their test results and other vital information from their health record through a protected site on the internet. This help patients better understand their health-care choice. Also the patients with restricted access to their personal Electronic medical record systems will be better notified and can be operable with the decision that they require to generate.Key Components of Electronic Health RecordsNearly all the commercial Electronic Health record system are made to merge data from the huge ancillary services, such as radiology, laboratory, and pharmacy with diverse health care components (for example medication administration records MAR, nurse plans, and physician orders). The Electronic Health record possibly will pick out in information from the ancillary system throughout a usance interface or may provide interface for clinicians in order to log on the silo system through a portal.Administrative System ComponentsThe main components of electronic health record are adaptation, admissions, discharge, and transfer (RADT) data. These data contain essential information for correct patient classification and evaluation, also it include name, demog raphics, next to skin, employer information, patient disposition, chief complaint, etc. the section of registration in electronic health record system has a incomparable patient identifier which generally consisting of numeric or alphanumeric order that is unrecognizable international the company or institution in which it serve. The medical data of the patient will be collected for use in medical analysis and research while use the RADT.All medical observations, tests, procedures, criticisms, assessments, and diagnosing to patient will be linked by the patient ID because it is the upshot of the electronic health record.The ID is sometimes known as medical record number or master patient index (MPI). Nowadays in computerized information systems the master patient index enterprise has applied extensively in the organizations or institutions, called enterprise-wide master patient indices.research laboratory System Componentsresearch laboratoryoratory systems are interfaced to elec tronic health record systems which commonly are self-sufficing systems. Also there are (LIS) that stands for laboratory information system that are applied as centers or hubs to combined orders, schedules, billing, results from laboratory tools and other administrative data. Rarely laboratory information is integrated completely with the electronic health record. Lots of technologies and analyzers are applied in the diagnostic laboratory procedure when laboratory information system is prepared by the similar vender as the electronic health record which is not simply integrated with electronic health record, such as the Cerner laboratory information system interface with more than 400 various laboratory tools. Cerner, a very important vendor of both systems the (laboratory information system) (electronic health record system), declared that 60 percent of laboratory information system installations were not included with electronic health record system, and electronic health recor d system are implemented in federal form, which lets the user to log on the laboratory information system from a link indoors the electronic health record system interface.6.3 Record keeping and mobilityElectronic health record systems gain a unique trait which is the benefit of be capable to connect to various EHR systems. Patients are shopping for their procedures, in the novel global medical environment. Also patients can easily check in their files whether they have been admitted to such a health center or if they contain any kind of allergies since they have been admitted before.Other Advantages of Electronic Medical Records bundleChart Room. By converting a paper graph digital, a procedure can change the physical place of a chart room into workplaces, or extra rooms for exams, procedures, imaging equipment, labs, or other income generating spaces.Managing Paper. A lot of procedures waste numerous hours of workers time searching for, moving, and organizing paper charts. By computerizing the health record, this procedure is rationalized and speak tos are eliminated. Other cost savings are achieved by the elimination of the paper, printers, toner, and other physical costs of the paper world.Archived Records. Health practices are needed to remain patients health record for 7 years in nearly all countries. Accumulated an inactive patients chart offsite is a shared procedures. This cost is eliminated by accumulating the reports electronically.There are more advantages of an entire EHR, which both Chart Logic EMR and Chart Logic iAchieve electronic medical record consist ofBest Practices. By integrated a model based health office software a medical procedures may ensure that all providers are achieving the needed goals of livelihood and process.increase Reimbursement. The EM coding tool can also indicate methods to mightily up-code your document to a higher level, rising reimbursement.Efficient Charting. Using templates lets the physician to finish docu mentation rapidly. By tinplating shared words or phrases, the documentation is quick, reliable, correct, and complete.Cost and return on investmentIt is not easy to broadside the return of investment (ROI) of information technology systems for any commerce. Nearly all research has been alert on how to calculate the return of investment for medical information technology systems such as electronic health record systems.The cost of implementing the EHRs will differ considerably depending on what systems are now in place and what is being implemented. Fundamentally, in order to smooth desegregation and make customer commitment the vendors add the electronic health record capabilities at a favorable rate. However, there are installations that can be very expensive, e.g. Across the whole Kaiser Permanente network the roll out of an Electronic Medical Record was reported to cost over $1 billion.A new American Hospital Association analysis and survey discover that the median yearly fund s investment on information technology was greater that $700,000 and stand for 15 percent of all fund expenses. And to a higher place $1.7 million were the Operating expenses, or 2 percent of all direct expenses.Barriers to using EMRTechnical BarriersIt is expensive to implement an Electronic Medical Record system in a physicians office, mainly for minor practices. Moreover, install such a system in minor hospital institutions require external industrial support.Cultural BarriersAccording to For the Record Magazine the patients and doctors could feel grave risking patient MRs to possible electronic theft. Furthermore, an Electronic Medical Record will extensively change a physicians flow and potentially decrease the quality of service the doctor provides by giving him more patients, however, before physicians judge a specific amount of work flow, because they were spending time filling out paperwork.SignificanceAccording to Robert H Miller and Ida Sim of the Policy daybook of h ealth Sphere In 2004 just 13 percent of physicians stated that using an Electronic Medical Record and 32 percent tell they would consider as using an electronic filing system.EHRs keep your health information safe and privateYou can choose and decide who gets to see your informationEHRs are locked. Nobody can access your account demur you because there is a special password that will keep your health information private.EHRs have many security settings. The only ones that can access to your information and can see them your health provider, and the office staff can only see your name, address and birth date.Whether or not your health care provider uses EHRs, you sign a consent form if you want to share your information. Ask your doctor for a copy of your consent and chronicle of what it meansPrivate notes can be made in EHRs that only your health care provider can view. The patient can ask his doctor to see his information and tell him dont let anyone else see them and keep them i n secure that only you can read.Electronic packet sight go to hospitals to better their state they rely on hospitals and physicians to practice the most advanced standards. The staff that works at the hospital faces many challenges at the day. They need highly efficient software and instrument to work correctly and to finish their jobs requirements. Electronic software helps them meet the demands of the hospitals setting. In order to make sure that the health practice takes care of its operations in a prepared and well-coordinated manner Electronic Medical Record (EMR) Software is essential. The cost is around $850 dollars for setup and about $2500 for annual maintenance but is price it for the reason that they save time and run the operations using the best defense mechanisms against liabilities electronic medical record software is used to manage and maintain EMR systems, patient or insurance billing, patient information management, multi-provider scheduling, electronic faxing, instructions and lab management, document management, and custom report templates.And an example of that software is a Visionary Dream EHRsDream EHR WorkflowWhen converting from a paper-based organization to a nearly paperless organization planning, preparation, training and a person within the office to make easy the change is an essential.A process that relies on an electronic health record, the visual signs are on the setting computer or tablet PC screen rather than placed on the wall or taking up space in the records room. shift from a paper-based practice to an electronic health record provides the process with the fortune to assess its workflow for an electronic environment. Several administrative and operational step may be considerably simplified. The workflow steps in an electronic health record can be decreased significantly.The workflow in the health office has two main categories administrative and clinical. Lets have a look at some administrative and clinical workfl ow procedures so you can evaluate how the work flows in a paper-based environment and what that similar workflow procedure looks like in an electronic environment.Paper-based purlieuElectronic-based EnvironmentPatient comes, signs inPatient comes and enters new data into electronic health record desktopPatients name be seenAdministrative employee is gave notice that patient has came and patients MR are got over from the procedure management scheduler and prepared for the days appointments.Receptionist nourish for scheduled appointmentReceptionist greets patient, checks updates and sends record electronically to nurses in-box.Receptionist asks for updated personal and insurance informationPatients record is into nurses in-box.Patient returns data form with updatesNurse calls patient into examination room, release patient records, takes and check in family history, medications, vitals, presenting symptoms, and makes a face sheet on the Tablet PC.Medical records clerk drags chart and insert updated data. erst done, nurse sends MR electronically into physicians in-box.Clerk gives chart to nursePatients file is in physicians in-box. The doctor can look at this file before to unveiling the examination room.Chart is located in nurses review stackPhysician enters the examination room and visits with patient.Nurse checks chart and calls patientNurse captures life-and-death signs and files show symptoms on face sheet.Nurse places medical chart out of examination room door.Doctor looks into medical chart on door, knows that patient is waiting and checks information on face sheet.physician enters and visits with patientFeatures and Software ScreensPoint-and-Click Chart EntryRapidly capture and produce chart notes with pre-defined medical templates. It presents hundreds of specialty templates to lessen the operation time.Check chart notes, allergies, medications, procedures, diagnoses and further in one simple to navigate screen.Customizable, user-definable chart areas .Easy to UseFiles with electronic handwriting stylus pen, pre-defined or user defined templates, macros and / or articulation dictation.View or edit patient information from a desktop or tablet PC.Simple direction-finding menu is planned to raise usage speed while streamlining the information recording process.Point-of-Care Decision Making extinguish your reports with quick chart access and file patient documentation at the point-of-care.One-click retrieval of patient notes, medications and very important documentation to assure the superior medical decision.Managing Orders / Lab TrackingCheck and get back test results, makes orders, doctor consultations or surgical procedures immediately from the patients chart.Track past collectable lab tests and procedures as well as inform users through e-mail.Lab results review reports feature side-by-side history of results and permits inter office lab result communications.Differential DiagnosisSimply file one or more differentials associa ted with a diagnosis.This module can in addition be used to rapidly replace with a specific diagnosis for a non-billable or non-specific code.Furthermore diagnosis connected practical codes, prescriptions and lab orders can be selected while seeing that diagnosis.Coding Assistance

Americas Transcendental Voice :: Essays Papers

Americas Transcendental VoiceRalph Waldo Emerson was one of the true fathers of transcendentalism in America. He was said to be the establishing member of the smallest church. The congregation included solo himself, and his church waited on the world to guarantee his views as the truth. Emersons beliefs were greatly influenced by friends he met in Europe and the ro piecetic movement of the time. Transcendentalists of the time did non believe in miracles, they thought everything had a common sense answer. They believed that the headspring was not just a blank slate to be alter only with what we can perceive through our senses, but something which was capable of learning and imagination. Emerson believed that God along with great peace and serenity could be found in nature. This essay will trace how Emersons transcendental beliefs argon reflected in personality. This essay will also follow Emersions appreciation of nature, his transcendental quest to find truths that wer e beyond the reach of mans limited senses. In his first chapter entitled disposition Emerson writes To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his house as from society.(615) This reflects his feelings towards society and how it must be left behind to rightfully find God. Later in this chapter he marvels over how God Had do the atmosphere in such a way that we can see the rest of the universe, Gods almighty handiwork. Emerson ponders just what the future generations of masses will still appreciate the city of stars God has provided. In Nature Emerson also expresses his experience and admiration for the poet when he writes how a woodcutter sees a shoetree as a stick of timber where the poet sees it for what it is, a tree. Also in this first chapter Emerson expresses his transcendental belief that children are closer to God when he writes, The sun illuminates only the eye of a man, but shines into the eye and the affectionateness of a child.(616). From this first chapter we can tell that Emerson had an almost insatiable love of nature, he believed that god was all around us, in our fields, our forests, and our rivers. The second chapter of Nature is entitled Commodity. In Commodity Emerson is ranking all the advantages which our senses owe to nature.

How Do Dixons And Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell? :: essays research papers

How Do Dixons and Tandy Add Value To The Products They Sell?How do Dixons and Tandy add value to the products that they sell, and, in doingso, what benefits ar passed on to the consumer? Do in high spirits street consumerelectronics stores offer better value for money than their mail-ordercounterparts?The raw harm figures show that, obviously, the high street stores cost to a greater extentthan the mail-order stores, but are the benefits that the high street storesbring worth the extra scathe?I took the prices of five types of products, a large stereo, a portable body,a smooth television, a depiction recorder, and a computer. The large stereo was anAIWA NSX-V710, the portable system was a Sanyo MCD 278, the small televisionsthat I chose were not available in twain stores, and so I had to choose similarmodels. The models I chose were the Matsui 14" out-of-door from Tandy and the Nokia14" Remote from Dixons. The models were two available from the mail-order supplier, at the same price. The video recorder that I chose to use was an AKAIVSG745, and was in fact available from both stores. The computer was the mostdifficult part of the system to match, as the Dixons systems came with whatsoeveradded bonuses such as extra multimedia software and Internet power. Itherefore reduced the price of the Dixons machine to account for thesedifferences, by deducting the price that it would cost to upgrade on the Tandymachine. So, to give the Tandy computer Internet capability would cost 150, sothat was deducted, and the multimedia software would have cost 50, so that wasdeducted. The computer specification I aimed to have as a green platform was anIntel Pentium 120MHz machine, with 8MB RAM, a 14" monitor, at least a 1 GB HardDisk and MPC level 2 capability (i.e. be able to use CD-ROM Multimedia titles).The mail order supplier I chose to match these specifications with was ComputerTrading, as they offered a system which was a close match to the Tandy an dDixons ones, while having a low price. The common portion with all the productsis that they are all more than than expensive than their mail-order price counterparts.This promoter that the high street stores add value. Adding value is taking oneor more parts or products, combining, changing or adding to them, in such a waythat the perceived value of the product is increased by more than the cost ofthe change. For example you might expect to pay 150 more than the cost of the

My special person essay :: essays research papers

MY fussy PERSON When I entered the classroom, for the very last time, I looked around at every little detail, m some(prenominal) of which Id probably ignored, for the sometime(prenominal) four categorys. Birds were singing in a synchronised melody as they flew past our classroom window. There was the natural aroma of fresh coffee berry coming from the teachers lounge next door. My classmates were sitting at their usual desk waiting for the first lesson to begin. But something was different today, something wasnt right. And as I entered the classroom it hit me, like an unseen rocket headed to my pump The silence.All eye were on me, some gave a sorry-youre-leaving-smile, while others looked like they were about to jump off the nearest window.These were my friends, not just any old friends of course, they felt like family, I grew up with these people and at that moment as I stared into each of their eyes I cognise something, something which had always been staring back at me, th ese people were special.Each and everyone had something that make them unique and as they sat there shining like a thousand stars, one of them shined the brightest. Her hanker silky hair covered fractional of her face, but I knew shed been crying, he chestnut coloured eyes tried to avoid meeting mine but when we did exchange glances, I have her a sympathetic smile and she returned the favour.The rest of that day was unspoilt of tears, hugs, a surprise party, games presents and goodbyes. That day will stay with me forever. However I am glad to regulate that wasnt the last time I saw my friends and Im even more glad to say that wasnt the last time I saw my best friend.Its eccentric how two people, who are connected, become even closer when theyre apart. as luck would have it Ginevra came to visit me in London twice after that, but I went back to see her in my hometown every year. As the years past, and as we grew, our friendship grew stronger, like an ever-growing tree, sending i ts roots deeper and deeper into the ground. Every year she would wait for me with open arms. Some people get worn-out with long distant friendship, but not her, she would always stick by me and never let me down.When I lived in Italy for all those nine years I never had the privilege to have any brothers or sisters so I considered her as my own flesh and blood.

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide are Murder :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia is Murder         Euthanasia - is it only whenchering or permit die? In the last thirty years, this has been a highly arguable topic, the worldly morals versus the Christian. Although there are certain instances where it is justifiably considered to be letting die, it is essentially murder.           Euthanasia comes from a Greek word, meaning indulgent death, and is now often associated with the infamous Dr. Kevorkian. There are three types of euthanasia - what doctors consider to be letting the diligent die, for instance taking some(prenominal) conscious and unconscious patients eat up of life-time support, not reviving the patient in case of a heart failure, et cetera. There is also assisted suicide. Dr. Kevorkian and his suicide mould have made themselves known through this technique. The machine injects a lethal dosage into the patients blood stream, killing then painlessly within ten minutes. & nbsp         The first type mentioned above is known as active voluntary euthanasia. This is where a conscious, mentally competent person, usually with a severe physical ailment, loses the will to live. Many have said that be grandings them alive is just prolonging their death, a form of cruel and unusual punishment. They whitethorn ask that life support equipment be disconnected so that they butt joint die quickly, painlessly, with dignity. Most doctors are trained to try their best to batter death, or at least try to delay it as long as possible. But if the patient is hopelessly ill, and would prefer to die, the doctor whitethorn consult the hospital ethics committee, and take him or her off of life support. When taken to court in these issues, the doctors defend themselves in saying, I didnt kill him, I let him die. This is illegal throughout the United States and the rest of the world, but it still is a common occurrence.     & nbsp     The second type, passive voluntary euthanasia, is do when a terminally ill patients or a patient in a persistent vegetative states (PVS) family chooses to take their loved one off of life support. A PVS patient has no self- cognizance or any awareness of their surroundings because the cerebral cortex, the thinking part of the judgement, id dead. The brain stem, the part of the brain that controls the major organs of the body, still works, though.

Christopher J.H. Wright Essay -- Religion, Jesus, Old Testament

IntroductionIn the book by Christopher J.H. Wright, Knowing Jesus done the one-time(a) Testament, the author argues the very existence of Jesus Christ in the New Testament is portrayed within the senile Testament. Wright writes, the belatedlyer you go into judgment the over-the-hill Testament, the proximate you will come to the heart of Jesus (ix). Wright explains legion(predicate) Christians love Jesus, but do not know much round the Scriptures that He read. This is the authors intention of the book, bringing the readers to a deep sense of the Old Testament and gaining a greater understanding of Jesus. The mathematical function of this review is to summarize and critique Wrights work along with presenting the strengths and weaknesses of the book.Wright has a profound love for the Old Testament Scriptures and wants to portray that to his readers. Wright studied Old Testament economic ethics for his doctorate at Cambridge, England. His book, Gods People in Gods Land came f rom his doctoral work. His oestrus for the Old Testament is demonstrated by two other works that focus on God the Father and the Holy Spirit in light of the Old Testament. SummaryWright asserts the understanding of Jesus starts with Matthew 118. It is the previous(prenominal) 17 verses that most do not regard as it is salutary a list of names. These names, Wright says, are part of a much bigger yarn and without recognizing these names one cannot fully understand Jesus (1). The story is that of the Old Testament and the genealogy links the Old and New Testaments together. Wright says, The Old Testament tells the story which Jesus completes (2). Wright continues to break down the genealogy and reaches congest to Abraham to proclaim that through Abraham, all nations of the earth will be successful (4). Th... ... of Jesus while trying to convey his true identity (142-158). little space could have been given concerning the names of Jesus while suave reflecting the point Wright was trying to convey. While more ground is covered than needed, the author, as Long states, presents the information in an engaging manner.ConclusionWright brings his readers through the Old Testament so they can have a greater understanding of Jesus. He presents the information in an engaging manner, but at measure Wright can overstate his purpose. Pastors and lay people alike can attain from reading Wrights book as he brings people closer to Jesus by deepening their understanding of the Old Testament. This review has describe the strengths and weaknesses of the authors book to give readers an insight into Wrights theological perspective of the Old Testament in light of the New Testament.

The Franciscan Order; A Victim of its own Success Essay -- essays rese

The Franciscan movement was a religious hunting lodge that arose out of one mans ideologies and beliefs. St. Francis of Assisis ideals of absolute poverty, obedience, humility, and simplicity were uncomplicated and basic, but during his smell and even suddenly by and by his death these ideologies were gradually shifting and causing a colossal amount of debate. The immense size of the Franciscan ramble combined with the potentiometer amount of popularity that the Order gained made changes in the ideology and objectives of Francis messages and teaching virtually an inevitable necessity. Some could argue that in many ways the Franciscan Orders original ideologies were a victim of the movements success. This is evident in the main rules of the Order, what the rules were initially like during the life of Francis, and what they became after his death.Saint Francis of Assisi was born in 1182 into a wealth family. His father was barb Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant. Throughout Francis childhood he experience many of the physical pleasures in life however, gradually he began to be possessed of visions from the divine. The first vision appeared when he was fighting with knights against Assisis enemies, the second during a night of merriment and celebration, and a third when he was praying at the undone Church of San Damiano. During the latter vision, Francis heard a voice coming from the rood-tree telling him to rebuild the Church. Francis sold many of his fathers assets and gave the currency to San Damiano, but his father was unimpressed. Francis publicly denounced his father, striping naked and throwing his clothes at his father, saying that his sole(prenominal) father from that point on was the divine. For a condemnation Francis wandered unsure of what to do, until he had his fourth divine vision on February 28, 1206. He realized that his true mission in life was the imitation of the life of Christ. Francis took to begging, and wandering from tow n to town, caring for those less fortunate than himself, and taking only what was necessary for his survival. After a time, Francis accumulated a small turning of followers and soon realized that some rules would have to be explicate to govern his order. On April 6th 1209 the order began when Francis said, He that will come on after me, let him deny himselfThis, my brothers, is our life and rule and that of all those who shall wishing to join... ... and also made the Order increasingly difficult to govern. This difficulty in governance often forced the Order to turn to the Pope for guidance, then creating a dangerous reliance on the Pope and making the order submissive to a potentially oppressive and dogmatic power. Likewise, the popularity of the movement contributed to its size. The much popular the Order was the more people joined it. The popularity also contributed to the reposeful of the standards of poverty, humility and simplicity. Money and gifts were given to the Ord er, jobs with a degree of power and prestigiousness were offered to members of the Order by the Pope, and many other circumstances. The Order itself had become a worldly institution rather than a wandering group of unworthy friars as Francis had intended. With such undermining of the original ideals and objectives of St. Francis, a split in the Order seems almost inevitable.Final Word Count 2971 Sources/ Works CitedBurr, D. Olivi and Franciscan mendicancy The Usus Pauper Controversy. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.Moorman, J. A History of the Franciscan Order. UK Oxford University Press, 1968.

the culture of disbelief Essay example -- essays research papers

Page 2THE stopping top OF DISBELIEFThe culture of disbelief is a carry written to slew who are very interested in religious beliefs, liberty and all told the influence that religion cause into the public square. Carter argues that religion should not be present in politics, education, and so on. . Moreover, Carter is not astir(predicate) ones person beliefs, he makes demands of its adherents, and wishes some kind of hope for their lives. The preface of this book shows perfectly with its titles what is The Culture of Disbelief going to talk about (e.g. How American Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion). Therefore, it takes us to the point where readers implied a connection between religion with law and politics. The author states in page 3 that in political and legal culture opinion does not really matters, therefore, I agree because there is a deprivation of knowledge and understanding of too many people that devote themselves to person or something, without givin g the remarkable importance religion has. Also, Carter states that people pay back to bank in something else, and do not take your religion so seriously.God as a HobbyOur society thinks that people believe in things just because they want to believe in something to keep them busy. When citizens do act in their public selves as though their faith matters, they gamble not only ridicule, but actual Page 3punishment. This example of Nati...

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

s go forthherly African Archbishop Desmond Tutu wrote, You are a very special psyche - become what you are. These words encourage us, the graduating class of 2012, to recognize the goodness and say-so in individually and every one of us and to go out and excel in the world. We are a diverse group of assorted aspirations and backgrounds, bound for different corners of the earth to carve out our won case-by-case niches. Before we leave behind Lee Falls High condition and each other, we must ask ourselves how we have got become who we are. Most of us have grown up in this town. We have known each other for many years, gone through the school system and interacted with the corporation. We have been labeled by the press as inhabitants of Cranktown and Methville, but the community has rallied to repugn the problem. This same community is the true spirit of where we come from and who we are. It is the same community that sees generations of change and is always willing to stretch its hands out to attend those in need and to honor those deserving. We live in a laughable community, though we may not realize it, a...

crusades Essay -- essays research papers fc

Crusading, much like Imperialism in the 20th century, was either about blowup. During the middle ages however, it was more about the expansion of religion rather then power, or at least thats the way it was preached. Crusading by definition is a holy war allow by the pope, who proclaimed it in the name of idol of the Nazarene. It was believed to be Christs own enterprise, legitimized by his personal mandate (1). This essay examines the setting of the crusades to offer a better recogniseing as to why they occurred. It besides examines the effects that the crusades had on the world. It is easy to look at the crusades as a violent meaning slight act, but one must understand the lineament of setting this movement occurred during. This was a time when if you took part in the crusades, you were seen as a warrior of god, recruited by the pope. Any man who fought in the name of god would be rewarded in heaven. Popular belief in the 10th and eleventh centuries was that the more you did for god, the less accountable you were for youre past sins. The more whole works you did, the better your credit in the Treasury of paragon (2). The Treasury of God is a summarization of the good deed outweighing the bad deed convention of the time. Acts of violence in the name of god are far less common in the world today. But, as seen with September eleventh, jihad or holy war is still occurring. This essay gives a basic timeline and cardinal principles behind the crusading missions. Justification for these acts remains unclear and is simply opinion based.To understand the effects of crusading one must be familiar with the background in which it took place. The major conflict that initiated the crusading endeavors occurred when the Seljuk Turks aggressively took Syria and Palestine. Turkish Muslims also invaded the Byzantine Empire and subjected all classes of people to their rule, even Christians. At the same time, Popes of the 11th century were trying to extend their re ligious power beyond its captain borders. They did this by forcing religion upon certain groups such as heretics, pagans, and most all non-Christians. When Pope Urban seen the action of the Muslims he then thought it was his vocation to Christianize those people. These facts combined started the First crusade in 1095 (3). At a personal level however, crusading could be unde... ...land Toronto Longman 2002), 175.9. Nicholson, 134.10.Phillips, 347.11. Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (London Jonathan Cape, 2004), 202. 12. Nicholson, 120. 13. Nicholson, 147.14. Yvonne, Friedman, escort Between Enemies captivity and Ransom in the Latin country of capital of Israel (Leiden Boston Brill, 2002), 340. 15. Nicholson, 166. BibliographyAsbridge, Thomas. The First Crusade A invigorated History New York Toronto Oxford University Press, 2004.Friedman, Yvonne. Encounter Between Enemies captivity and Ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Leiden Boston B rill, 2002. Nicholson, Helen. The Crusades. Westport, Conn Greenwood Press, 2004.Phillips, Jonathan. The Crusades 1095-1197. Harlow, England Toronto Longman 2002.Phillips, Jonathan. The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. London Jonathan Cape, 2004.Slack, Corliss. A Historical dictionary of the Crusades. Lanham, Md Scarecrow Press, 2003.